Association of Culturable-Virus Detection and Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2, California and Tennessee, 2020-2022.

From 2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) household transmission studies (enrolling April 2020 to January 2022) with rapid enrollment and specimen collection for 14 days, 61% (43/70) of primary cases had culturable virus detected ≥6 days post-onset. Risk of secondary infection among household contacts tended to be greater when primary cases had culturable virus detected after onset. Regardless of duration of culturable virus, most secondary infections (70%, 28/40) had serial intervals <6 days, suggesting early transmission.

Differential Associations of Cystatin C Versus Creatinine-Based Kidney Function With Risks of Cardiovascular Event and Mortality Among South Asian Individuals in the UK Biobank.

Background South Asian individuals have increased cardiovascular disease and mortality risks. Reliance on creatinine- rather than cystatin C-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFRcys) may underestimate the cardiovascular disease risk associated with chronic kidney disease. Methods and Results Among 7738 South Asian UK BioBank participants without prevalent heart failure (HF) or atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, we investigated associations of 4 eGFRcys and creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate categories (<45, 45-59, 60-89, and ≥90 mL/min per 1.

A method for estimating and characterizing explicitly nonlinear dynamic functional network connectivity in resting-state fMRI data.

The past 10 years have seen an explosion of approaches that focus on the study of time-resolved change in functional connectivity (FC). FC characterization among networks at a whole-brain level is frequently termed functional network connectivity (FNC). Time-resolved or dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) focuses on the estimation of transient, recurring, whole-brain patterns of FNC.

Hyperaminoacidemia induces pancreatic α cell proliferation via synergism between the mTORC1 and CaSR-Gq signaling pathways.

Glucagon has emerged as a key regulator of extracellular amino acid (AA) homeostasis. Insufficient glucagon signaling results in hyperaminoacidemia, which drives adaptive proliferation of glucagon-producing α cells. Aside from mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), the role of other AA sensors in α cell proliferation has not been described.

Utility of Wrist-Wearable Data for Assessing Pain, Sleep, and Anxiety Outcomes After Traumatic Stress Exposure.

Importance: Adverse posttraumatic neuropsychiatric sequelae after traumatic stress exposure are common and have higher incidence among socioeconomically disadvantaged populations. Pain, depression, avoidance of trauma reminders, reexperiencing trauma, anxiety, hyperarousal, sleep disruption, and nightmares have been reported. Wrist-wearable devices with accelerometers capable of assessing 24-hour rest-activity characteristics are prevalent and may have utility in measuring these outcomes.

History of Incarceration and Its Association With Geriatric and Chronic Health Outcomes in Older Adulthood.

Importance: Although incarcerated older adults experience higher rates of chronic disease and geriatric syndromes, it is unknown whether community-dwelling older adults with a history of incarceration are also at risk for worse health outcomes.

Objective: To evaluate the association between a history of incarceration and health outcomes, including chronic health conditions and geriatric syndromes, in older age.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This cross-sectional study using population-based data from the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study included US community-dwelling adults aged 50 years or older who completed the 2012 or 2014 survey waves assessing self-reported history of incarceration.

Military deployment-related respiratory problems: an update.

Purpose Of Review: Military personnel deployed to Southwest Asia and Afghanistan were potentially exposed to high levels of fine particulate matter and other pollutants from multiple sources, including dust storms, burn pit emissions from open-air waste burning, local ambient air pollution, and a range of military service-related activities that can generate airborne exposures. These exposures, individually or in combination, can have adverse respiratory health effects. We review exposures and potential health impacts, providing a framework for evaluation.

Pre-operative kidney biomarkers and risks for death, cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease events after cardiac surgery: the TRIBE-AKI study.

Background: Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (sTNFR)1, sTNFR2, and plasma kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) are associated with kidney events in patients with and without diabetes. However, their associations with clinical outcomes when obtained pre-operatively have not been explored.

Methods: The TRIBE-AKI cohort study is a prospective, multicenter, cohort study of high-risk adults undergoing cardiac surgery.

Characterization of multi-domain postoperative recovery trajectories after cardiac surgery using a digital platform.

Understanding postoperative recovery is critical for guiding efforts to improve post-acute phase care. How recovery evolves during the first 30 days after cardiac surgery is not well-understood. A digital platform may enable granular quantification of recovery by frequently capturing patient-reported outcome measures (PROM) that can be clinically implemented to support recovery.

Association of a Positive Drug Screening for Cannabis With Mortality and Hospital Visits Among Veterans Affairs Enrollees Prescribed Opioids.

Importance: Cannabis has been proposed as a therapeutic with potential opioid-sparing properties in chronic pain, and its use could theoretically be associated with decreased amounts of opioids used and decreased risk of mortality among individuals prescribed opioids.

Objective: To examine the risks associated with cannabis use among adults prescribed opioid analgesic medications.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This cohort study was conducted among individuals aged 18 years and older who had urine drug screening in 2014 to 2019 and received any prescription opioid in the prior 90 days or long-term opioid therapy (LTOT), defined as more than 84 days of the prior 90 days, through the Veterans Affairs health system.

Lipid accumulation product, visceral adiposity index and risk of chronic kidney disease.

Background: Lipid accumulation product (LAP) and visceral adiposity index (VAI) are novel, non-imaging markers of visceral adiposity that are calculated by using body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and serum lipid concentrations. We hypothesized that LAP and VAI are more strongly associated with adverse kidney outcomes than BMI and WC.

Methods: Using data from the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study, we used multivariable logistic regression to evaluate associations of LAP, VAI, BMI and WC with incident chronic kidney disease (CKD), (incident eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.

New psychotropic medication use among Medicare beneficiaries with dementia after hospital discharge.

Background: Hospitalizations among people with dementia (PWD) may precipitate behavioral changes, leading to the psychotropic medication use despite adverse outcomes and limited efficacy. We sought to determine the incidence of new psychotropic medication use among community-dwelling PWD after hospital discharge and, among new users, the proportion with prolonged use.

Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study using a 20% random sample of Medicare claims in 2017, including hospitalized PWD with traditional and Part D Medicare who were 68 years or older.

Alzheimer's Disease Genetic Risk, Cognition, and Brain Aging in Midlife.

We examined associations of an Alzheimer's disease (AD) Genetic Risk Score (AD-GRS) and midlife cognitive and neuroimaging outcomes in 1,252 middle-aged participants (311 with brain MRI). A higher AD-GRS based on 25 previously identified loci (excluding apolipoprotein E [APOE]) was associated with worse Montreal Cognitive Assessment (-0.14 standard deviation [SD] [95% confidence interval {CI}: -0.

FLG Deficiency in Mice Alters the Early-Life CD4 T-Cell Response to Skin Commensal Bacteria.

FLG variants underlie ichthyosis vulgaris and increased risk of atopic dermatitis, conditions typified by disruption of the skin microbiome and cutaneous immune response. Yet, it remains unclear whether neonatal skin barrier compromise because of FLG deficiency alters the quality of commensal-specific T cells and the functional impact of such responses. To address these questions, we profiled changes in the skin barrier and early cutaneous immune response of neonatal C57BL/6 Flg and wild-type mice using single-cell RNA sequencing, flow cytometry, and other modalities.

Can markers of disease severity improve the predictive power of claims-based multimorbidity indices?

Background: Claims-based measures of multimorbidity, which evaluate the presence of a defined list of diseases, are limited in their ability to predict future outcomes. We evaluated whether claims-based markers of disease severity could improve assessments of multimorbid burden.

Methods: We developed 7 dichotomous markers of disease severity which could be applied to a range of diseases using claims data.

Systemic Challenges in Internship Training for Health-Service Psychology: A Call to Action From Trainee Stakeholders.

The challenges observed in health service psychology (HSP) training during COVID-19 revealed systemic and philosophical issues that preexisted the pandemic, but became more visible during the global health crisis. In a position paper written by 23 trainees across different sites and training specializations, the authors use lessons learned from COVID-19 as a touchstone for a call to action in HSP training. Historically, trainee voices have been conspicuously absent from literature about clinical training.

Sex- and Age-Specific Deviations in Cerebellar Structure and Their Link With Symptom Dimensions and Clinical Outcome in Individuals at Clinical High Risk for Psychosis.

Background: The clinical high-risk (CHR) period offers a temporal window into neurobiological deviations preceding psychosis onset, but little attention has been given to regions outside the cerebrum in large-scale studies of CHR. Recently, the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS)-2 revealed altered functional connectivity of the cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuitry among individuals at CHR; however, cerebellar morphology remains underinvestigated in this at-risk population, despite growing evidence of its involvement in psychosis.

Study Design: In this multisite study, we analyzed T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans obtained from N = 469 CHR individuals (61% male, ages = 12-36 years) and N = 212 healthy controls (52% male, ages = 12-34 years) from NAPLS-2, with a focus on cerebellar cortex and white matter volumes separately.

Poor Sleep Quality and Daytime Fatigue Are Associated With Subjective but Not Objective Cognitive Functioning in Clinically Relevant Hoarding.

Background: Hoarding disorder is a chronic psychiatric condition of increasing public health concern. Recent investigation suggests a positive association between hoarding severity and insomnia symptoms. However, these findings have yet to be replicated, and the prevalence and type of sleep impairment experienced by individuals with clinically relevant hoarding symptoms (CHSs) are not known.

Observational studies in Alzheimer disease: bridging preclinical studies and clinical trials.

Recent high-profile failures of Alzheimer disease treatments at the clinical trial stage have led to renewed efforts to identify and test novel interventions for Alzheimer disease and related dementias (ADRD). In this Perspective, we highlight the importance of including well-designed observational studies as part of these efforts. Observational research is an important cornerstone for gathering evidence on risk factors and causes of ADRD; this evidence can then be combined with data from preclinical studies and randomized controlled trials to inform the development of effective interventions.

Testican-2 Is Associated with Reduced Risk of Incident ESKD.

Background: Testican-2 was recently identified as a podocyte-derived protein that is released into circulation by the kidneys and is positively correlated with eGFR and eGFR slope. However, whether higher testican-2 levels are associated with lower risk of ESKD is unknown.

Methods: Aptamer-based proteomics assessed blood testican-2 levels among participants in the African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK, n =703), the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) study ( n =3196), and the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study ( n =4378).

Baseline Characteristics and Longitudinal Outcomes of Traditional Serrated Adenomas: A Cohort Study.

Background And Aims: Traditional serrated adenomas (TSAs) may confer increased risk for colorectal cancer (CRC). Our objective with this study was to examine clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes associated with TSA diagnosis.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of U.