The utility of PET/CT in large vessel vasculitis.

F-FDG PET/CT occupies a growing role in the diagnosis of large vessel vasculitis (LVV), illustrating enhanced uptake in the lining of large vessels. A retrospective single center study was conducted of patients who underwent F-FDG PET/CT scans between 2009 and 2019 at Sheba Medical Center, Israel. The imaging results were analyzed for evidence of LVV.

Mutually Isomeric 2- and 4-(3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pyrimidines Inspired by an Antimycobacterial Screening Hit: Synthesis and Biological Activity against the ESKAPE Panel of Pathogens.

Starting from the structure of antimycobacterial screening hit OTB-021 which was devoid of activity against ESKAPE pathogens, we designed, synthesized and tested two mutually isomeric series of novel simplified analogs, 2- and 4-(3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pyrimidines, bearing various amino side chains. These compounds demonstrated a reverse bioactivity profile being inactive against while inhibiting the growth of all ESKAPE pathogens (with variable potency patterns) except for Gram-negative . Reduction potentials (E, V) measured for selected compounds by cyclic voltammetry were tightly grouped in the -1.

The opposite effect of human leukocyte antigen genotypes in sarcoidosis and tuberculosis: a narrative review of the literature.

Sarcoidosis and tuberculosis share several similar clinical and pathogenic characteristics that make some researchers consider a common pathogenesis for these diseases. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes are studied both in sarcoidosis and tuberculosis patients, but to our knowledge, there are no comparative studies of genetic predisposition for sarcoidosis and tuberculosis development. The aim of this review was to analyse the relationship between HLA genotypes and the development of sarcoidosis and tuberculosis.

How nonbacterial osteomyelitis could be discriminated from tuberculosis in the early stages: the simple algorithm.

Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNО) and tuberculous osteomyelitis (TBO) are both primarily chronic inflammatory bone diseases with similar clinical and radiological findings, but entirely different in aetiology, pathogenesis, treatment, and outcomes. Our study aimed to evaluate the clinical and laboratory features which could discriminate the CNO and TBO. The study included 124 patients-91 with CNO and 33 with TBO.

Anti-Idiotypic Agonistic Antibodies: Candidates for the Role of Universal Remedy.

Anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti-IDs) were discovered at the very beginning of the 20th century and have attracted attention of researchers for many years. Nowadays, there are five known types of anti-IDs: α, β, γ, ε, and δ. Due to the ability of internal-image anti-IDs to compete with an antigen for binding to antibody and to alter the biologic activity of an antigen, anti-IDs have become a target in the search for new treatments of autoimmune illnesses, cancer, and some other diseases.

Polymorphism of toll-like receptor genes and autoimmune endocrine diseases.

In recent years, there has been a significant amount of interest and vigorous studies on mutations related to innate immunity receptor genes such as Toll-like receptors (TLR), which is driven by the identification of many associations between these mutations and development of various disorders leading, in particular, to autoimmune diseases. It has been proven that the occurrence of single nucleotide polymorphisms in DNA sequences encoding TLRs causes malfunction of some key signaling pathways, and, as a result, increases the risk of autoimmune diseases. The identification of these polymorphisms can lead to the understanding of the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, which subsequently will create effective methods for the prevention and treatment thereof.

The peculiarities and treatment outcomes of the spinal form of chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis in children: a retrospective cohort study.

Chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) is a group of immune-mediated diseases which appears in bone inflammation, destruction and some orthopaedic consequences, especially in the cases of spinal involvement. This study is to compare characteristics and treatment outcomes of CNO patients with spinal involvement. The retrospective cohort study included data from 91 pediatric patients with CNO.

Neuroimmunology: What Role for Autoimmunity, Neuroinflammation, and Small Fiber Neuropathy in Fibromyalgia, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, and Adverse Events after Human Papillomavirus Vaccination?

Fibromyalgia is a disorder characterized by chronic widespread pain and non-pain symptoms, such as fatigue, dysautonomia, and cognitive and sleep disturbances. Its pathogenesis and treatment continue to be the subject of debate. We highlight the role of three mechanisms-autoimmunity, neuroinflammation, and small fiber neuropathy-in the pathogenesis of the disease.

Attachment of a 5-nitrofuroyl moiety to spirocyclic piperidines produces non-toxic nitrofurans that are efficacious in vitro against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

A selectively antimycobacterial compound belonging to the nitrofuran class of antimicrobials has been developed via conjugation of the nitrofuran moiety to a series of spirocyclic piperidines through an amide linkage. It proved to have comparable activity against drug-sensitive (H37Rv) strain as well as multidrug-resistant, patient-derived strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The compound is druglike, showed no appreciable cytotoxicity toward human retinal pigment epithelial cell line ARPE-19 in concentrations up to 100 μM and displayed low toxicity when evaluated in mice.

Multilevel spinal reconstruction in pediatric patients under 4 years old with non-congenital pathology (10-year single-center cohort study).

Purpose: To evaluate the influence of anterior fusion option on the short- and long-time outcomes on multilevel spinal reconstructions in young children.

Methods: Forty-five patients aged under 4 years old (2 years 2 months ± 11 months in average) underwent spinal reconstruction due to tuberculosis spondylitis (35), pyogenic spondylitis (9) and spinal tumors (1) complicated by angular kyphosis exceeded 20° (49.2° ± 14.

Conjugation of a 5-nitrofuran-2-oyl moiety to aminoalkylimidazoles produces non-toxic nitrofurans that are efficacious in vitro and in vivo against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Within the general nitrofuran carboxamide chemotype, chimera derivatives incorporating diversely substituted imidazoles attached via an alkylamino linker were synthesized. Antimycobacterial evaluation against drug-sensitive M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain identified five active druglike compounds which were further profiled against patient-derived M.

A comparison of intradermal test with recombinant tuberculosis allergen (diaskintest) with other immunologic tests in the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection.

Background: The WHO strategy for eradication of tuberculosis (TB) by 2035 (The End TB Strategy) is aimed at an early and precise diagnosis and subsequent effective treatment of TB patients. Currently, there is no gold standard for the diagnosis of latent TB infection. This study evaluated the diagnostic capabilities of a new intradermal test using recombinant TB allergen (Diaskintest) compared with tuberculin skin test (TST) and commercial TB interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs).

[On the histo- and morphogenesis of sclerosing pneumocytoma and its diagnostic criteria].

The paper presents the data available in the literature on the pathogenesis, clinical and morphological, histological and immunohistochemical features of pulmonary sclerosing pneumocytoma (SP). The paper gives the detailed histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of 6 SP cases. The need for the differential diagnosis of SP is determined by the features and complexity of their histo- and morphogenesis within a single tumor and a complex diagnostic study.

The roles and applications of autoantibodies in progression, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of human malignant tumours.

The existence of autoantibodies towards an individual's own proteins or nucleic acids has been established for more than 100years, and for a long period, these autoantibodies have been believed to be closely associated with autoimmune diseases. However, in recent years, researchers have become more interested in the role and application of autoantibodies in progression, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of human malignant tumours. Over the past few decades, numerous epidemiological studies have shown that the risk of certain cancers is significantly altered (increased or decreased) in patients with autoimmune diseases, which suggests that autoantibodies may play either promoting or suppressing roles in cancer progression.

Vitamin D, Cathelicidin, Prolactin, Autoantibodies, and Cytokines in Different Forms of Pulmonary Tuberculosis versus Sarcoidosis.

Background: Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases such as tuberculosis and sarcoidosis.

Objectives: To evaluate the vitamin D-dependent mechanisms of immunity and autoimmunity in different forms of pulmonary tuberculosis and sarcoidosis.

Methods: We measured the serum levels of 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D, individual autoimmune profiles, plasma concentrations of cathelicidin, several hormones, and production of nine cytokines in patients with short- and long-duration tuberculosis and sarcoidosis.

New nitrofurans amenable by isocyanide multicomponent chemistry are active against multidrug-resistant and poly-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

A set of structurally diverse N-amino δ-lactams decorated with a 5-nitro-2-furyl moiety was synthesized using isocyanide-based multicomponent chemistry and evaluated for antibacterial activity. Three compounds displayed a selective and potent (MIC 22-33μM) inhibition of M. tuberculosis HRv strain growth, while other Gram-positive (MRSA and E.

Experimental bladder regeneration using a poly-l-lactide/silk fibroin scaffold seeded with nanoparticle-labeled allogenic bone marrow stromal cells.

In the present study, a poly-l-lactide/silk fibroin (PL-SF) bilayer scaffold seeded with allogenic bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) was investigated as a potential approach for bladder tissue engineering in a model of partial bladder wall cystectomy in rabbits. The inner porous layer of the scaffold produced from silk fibroin was designed to promote cell proliferation and the outer layer produced from poly-l-lactic acid to serve as a waterproof barrier. To compare the feasibility and efficacy of BMSC application in the reconstruction of bladder defects, 12 adult male rabbits were divided into experimental and control groups (six animals each) that received a scaffold seeded with BMSCs or an acellular one, respectively.

[Metapneumovirus infection in an adult].

The paper briefly characterizes human metapneumovirus, a newly discovered pathogen of acute respiratory infections, and gives brief clinical, virological, and pathological data concerning a fatal outcome of a 51-year-old obese woman without severe background pathology. Metapneumovirus infection has been verified by real-time PCR. Morphological examination revealed the signs of subtotal diffuse alveolar damage, ciliary epithelial cell overgrowths, and binucleated macrophages.

[Preclinical and clinical trials of the new tuberculosis drug perchlozon].

The paper sets forth the stages of design and introduction of the new Russian tuberculosis (TB) drug perchlozon registered in the Russian Federation in 2012. Based on the results of Phases I-III clinical trials, the authors evaluate the efficacy and safety of the agent and consider the adverse effects of its treatment for respiratory TB. The use of perchlozon as a component of combination therapy versus standard chemotherapy regimens significantly reduces abacillation time in pulmonary TB caused by its drug-resistant pathogen.

Library of diversely substituted 2-(quinolin-4-yl)imidazolines delivers novel non-cytotoxic antitubercular leads.

A novel library based on quinolin-4-ylimidazoline core was designed to incorporate a general quinoline antimicrobial pharmacophore. A synthesis of the well-characterized library of 36 compounds was achieved using the Pd-catalyzed Buchwald-Hartwig-type imidazoline arylation chemistry developed earlier. Compounds were tested for biological activity and were found to possess no antimalarial activity.

[Morphological diagnosis of tuberculosis under present-day conditions].

The paper presents general statistical data on morbidity and mortality rates of tuberculosis, which show positive trends in recent years, with exception of those of its concurrence with HIV infection. The tasks of the morphological diagnosis of tuberculosis are divided into 4 groups: 1) to refine approaches to detecting mycobacteria in tissues; 2) to optimize the postmortem diagnosis of tuberculosis; 3) to optimize the lifetime differential diagnosis of tuberculosis and to develop methods for predicting its course; 4) to study the pathogenesis of tuberculosis from the standpoint of modern views on an infectious process. The data suggesting that the tissue forms of mycobacteria, the types of inflammatory responses, and the specific features of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis call for further investigations are given.

[Postmortem diagnosis of influenza during its epidemic and interepidemic periods].

Objective: to assess the potential role of influenza virus in fatal pneumonia during the epidemic and interepidemic periods. MATERIAL AND METHODS An immunohistochemical method was used to clinically and morphologically analyze 40 fatal outcomes of acute pneumonias in 2009-2013. Laboratory tests could not establish the diagnosis of influenza in 20 cases of the study group with clinical and/or morphological pattern of this illness.