Melatonin as the Cornerstone of Neuroimmunoendocrinology.

Much attention has been recently drawn to studying melatonin - a hormone whose synthesis was first found in the epiphysis (pineal gland). This interest can be due to discovering the role of melatonin in numerous physiological processes. It was the discovery of melatonin synthesis in endocrine organs (pineal gland), neural structures (Purkinje cells in the cerebellum, retinal photoreceptors), and immunocompetent cells (T lymphocytes, NK cells, mast cells) that triggered the evolution of new approaches to the unifield signal regulation of homeostasis, which, at the turn of the 21st century, lead to the creation of a new integral biomedical discipline - neuroimmunoendocrinology.

[Transcheter aortic valve implantation as a method of treatment of chronic heart failure in elderly and old patients: Literature review (part 1).].

Aortic valve (AV) stenosis is the most common acquired valvular disease with an increasing prevalence due to an aging population, requiring surgical or endovascular intervention. Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI) represents a real revolution in the field of interventional cardiology for the treatment of elderly or high-risk patients with severe symptomatic AV stenosis. TAVI allows for the correction of aortic defect in the most severe group of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) with severe comorbidity, who are contraindicated for open surgery to replace AV, in order to interrupt the vicious circle in the progression of CHF, stimulate reverse myocardial remodeling, alleviate symptoms, improve the quality of life, and prognosis of patients, and also as a «bridge» to heart transplantation.

[Current issues of disability and rehabilitation of elderly and senile patients with lower limb loss due to vascular pathology.].

The majority of patients with amputation defect of the lower extremities are elderly citizens with high co- and polymorbidity, the presence of several geriatric syndromes, which adversely affects the prognosis, reduces the rehabilitation potential, in some cases leads to the development of cardiovascular complications, amputation of the second limb, severe disability and high postoperative mortality. The key link in the rehabilitation process of disabled people with a lower limb stump is to provide them with a functional prosthesis. The article provides an analysis of morbidity, primary disability in the period from 2015 to 2019, gender, age and clinical characteristics of patients living in St.

[Age-associated features of the expression level of apoptosis markers in cardiomyocytes of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.].

To understand the pathogenesis of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCMP), it is necessary to establish the molecular-cellular mechanisms of myocardial aging, including those associated with programmed cell death, the molecular mechanisms of which have not been practically studied. The aim of this work is to study markers of apoptosis in cardiomyocytes of patients with DCMP in vitro. We used the method of primary dissociated cell cultures and the method of immunofluorescence confocal laser microscopy.

[Antioxidative properties of geroprotective peptides.].

The results of studies on the antioxidant effect of a number of peptide drugs, which is manifested at various levels, ranging from cells to the whole body, in adulthood and during aging, under the influence of extreme environmental factors, indicate the important role of low-molecular peptides in the mechanisms of regulating homeostasis during aging. The antioxidant properties of regulatory peptides are shown in experiments both on intact sexually mature animals, and especially clearly during aging or the action of extreme environmental factors (hypoxia, hypokinesia). A number of the studied substances (AEDG, KE) have a membrane-stabilizing effect, preventing osmotic and acid hemolysis of red blood cells and reducing the level of extra-erythrocyte hemoglobin and total peroxidase activity in blood plasma.

[Prognostic potential of inflammatory factors in older patients diagnosed with COVID-19.].

The COVID-19 pandemic requires a quick and accurate diagnosis and assessment of the condition of patients, correctly chosen by the tactics of treatment and prediction of the course of the disease, especially in older patients. The most promising direction is the study of the potential of inflammatory factors among people over 60 years of age. This paper analyzed serum level characteristics of analytes such as C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, IL-6, troponin, ferritin and brain natriuretic peptide.

[Assessment of barriers in people with disabilities with ophthalmopathology and varying degrees of sensory impairment to substantiate the list of support services they need and social protection measures in different areas of life.].

The assessment of barriers in persons older than working age with visual impairment was carried out using the International Classification of Functioning, Disabilities and Health to substantiate the list of necessary support services. An increase in the absolute number of people in older age groups objectively leads to an increase in the number of citizens experiencing difficulties in solving medical, social and psychological problems. Analysis of the results of the study showed that a significant part of people, due to impaired visual functions, experience limitations and barriers in physical environment, emotional sphere, family relationships with close and distant relatives.

[Evaluation of the effectiveness of the third stage of rehabilitation after a knee joint injury in persons of older age groups by means of physiotherapy exercises.].

The main task in the rehabilitation of athletes with traumatic injuries of the knee joint and surrounding soft tissues is effective and painless recovery at all stages of treatment. The aim of this work is to introduce a set of physical exercises for the treatment and prevention of traumatic injuries of the knee joint in middle-aged and elderly patients at the third stage of rehabilitation treatment (ICD-10: S80-S89). To date, there is no single regulated program for the management of middle-aged and elderly patients at the outpatient stage.

[Implementation of advanced social practices based on innovative gerontotechnologies in the system of long-term care for elderly and senile patients.].

From 2017 to the present a scientific project «The use of dermatoprotectors to improve the quality of life of geriatric patients with age-associated xerosis (AAX)» has been realized as part of a typical model of a long-term care system in order to introduce the innovative gerontotechnologies as advanced social practices in further optimization of social and medical care for elderly and senile patients in Leningrad Region. The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of the dermatoprotectors application in the improvement of the quality of life, prevention and correction of AAX. The AAX clinical manifestations have been studied before and after the emollients use.

[Integral assessment of the biopsychosocial status of older citizens and implementation of the systemic support components.].

The article discusses the problems of determining the need of citizens of older age groups in complex medical, social and psychological assistance in the framework of the implementation of a personalized approach to the service provision. The concept of an integral assessment of the biopsychosocial status of older citizens has been introduced. Based on the ranking of subjects according to the degree of decrease in body functions due to ageing and the development of age-associated diseases, an algorithm for the implementation of the assessment has been proposed.

Peptide Regulation of Gene Expression: A Systematic Review.

Peptides are characterized by their wide range of biological activity: they regulate functions of the endocrine, nervous, and immune systems. The mechanism of such action of peptides involves their ability to regulate gene expression and protein synthesis in plants, microorganisms, insects, birds, rodents, primates, and humans. Short peptides, consisting of 2-7 amino acid residues, can penetrate into the nuclei and nucleoli of cells and interact with the nucleosome, the histone proteins, and both single- and double-stranded DNA.

Signaling Molecules of Human Skin Cells as the Targets for Injection Cosmetology.

Introduction: Skin aging is a natural process that cannot be stopped. However, there are many ways to help attenuate premature aging of the skin and reduce the signs that have already appeared. One of them is the subcutaneous administration of preparations containing a combination of hyaluronic acid, active amino acids, and peptides providing an anti-aging clinical effect.

Sudden infant death syndrome: Melatonin, serotonin, and CD34 factor as possible diagnostic markers and prophylactic targets.

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is one of the primary causes of death of infants in the first year of life. According to the WHO's data, the global infant mortality rate is 0.64-2 per 1,000 live-born children.

Homology between SARS CoV-2 and human proteins.

An extremely high contagiousness of SARS CoV-2 indicates that the virus developed the ability to deceive the innate immune system. The virus could have included in its outer protein domains some motifs that are structurally similar to those that the potential victim's immune system has learned to ignore. The similarity of the primary structures of the viral and human proteins can provoke an autoimmune process.

[Age as one of the important criteria of prostate cancer diagnostic.].

At this moment differential diagnostic of the prostate cancer (PC) needs the new, more effective ways with regard of multifactor analysis. One of this factor is patient's age. Men older than 45 years old have expressed involution changes of prostate tissues.

Neuroprotective Effects of Tripeptides-Epigenetic Regulators in Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease.

KED and EDR peptides prevent dendritic spines loss in amyloid synaptotoxicity in in vitro model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The objective of this paper was to study epigenetic mechanisms of EDR and KED peptides' neuroprotective effects on neuroplasticity and dendritic spine morphology in an AD mouse model. Daily intraperitoneal administration of the KED peptide in 5xFAD mice from 2 to 4 months of age at a concentration of 400 μg/kg tended to increase neuroplasticity.

Melatonin, Its Beneficial Effects on Embryogenesis from Mitigating Oxidative Stress to Regulating Gene Expression.

Embryogenesis is a complex multi-stage process regulated by various signaling molecules including pineal and extrapineal melatonin (MT). Extrapineal MT is found in the placenta and ovaries, where it carries out local hormonal regulation. MT is necessary for normal development of oocytes, fertilization and subsequent development of human, animal and avian embryos.

[Epigenetic regulation of adaptogenesis by pathology and aging.].

The organism adaptive possibilities by pathology and aging are discussed in account of the epigenetic. The organism adaptation to inner and external factors is carried out by organism unite humoral protective system, inclusive hypothalamus-hypophysis-pineal and hypothalamus-hypophysis-thymus axises. AEDG, AEDP, EDR, KED, EW, KE short peptides are the epigenetic regulators of gene expression and protein synthesis, which can be involve to the adaptation by stress and in the activation of hypothalamus-hypophysis-pineal and hypothalamus-hypophysis-thymus axises.

The melatonergic pathway and its interactions in modulating respiratory system disorders.

Melatonin is a key intracellular neuroimmune-endocrine regulator and coordinator of multiple complex and interrelated biological processes. The main functions of melatonin include the regulation of neuroendocrine and antioxidant system activity, blood pressure, rhythms of the sleep-wake cycle, the retardation of ageing processes, as well as reseting and optimizing mitochondria and thereby the cells of the immune system. Melatonin and its agonists have therefore been mooted as a treatment option across a wide array of medical disorders.

Maternal Melatonin Deficiency Leads to Endocrine Pathologies in Children in Early Ontogenesis.

The review summarizes the results of experimental and clinical studies aimed at elucidating the causes and pathophysiological mechanisms of the development of endocrine pathology in children. The modern data on the role of epigenetic influences in the early ontogenesis of unfavorable factors that violate the patterns of the formation of regulatory mechanisms during periods of critical development of fetal organs and systems and contribute to the delayed development of pathological conditions are considered. The mechanisms of the participation of melatonin in the regulation of metabolic processes and the key role of maternal melatonin in the formation of the circadian system of regulation in the fetus and in the protection of the genetic program of its morphofunctional development during pregnancy complications are presented.

Results and Prospects of Using Activator of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation in Complex Therapy for Patients with COVID-19.

The paper presents the results of a standard and complex treatment method using the peptide drug thymus thymalin in patients with COVID-19. One of the mechanisms of the immunomodulatory effect of thymalin is considered to be the ability of this peptide drug to influence the differentiation of human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). It was found that, as a result of standard treatment, patients in the control group showed a decrease in the concentration of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, C-reactive protein, D-dimer.

[Clinical aspects of asymptomatic arrhythmia in elderly patients with left breast cancer at the stage of radiation therapy.].

Insufficient knowledge age peculiarities of the clinical course of cardiac arrhythmias occurring asymptomatically as a manifestation of cardiotoxicity in women with breast cancer at the stage of radiation therapy, determines the high demand for research on this problem. The aim of the study was to identify and evaluate asymptomatic cardiac arrhythmias in elderly women with left breast cancer at the stage of radiation therapy. 48 women without a history of severe cardiovascular disease with HER2neu negative cancer of the left breast at the stage of 3D conformal radiotherapy were examined.

[Clinical effectiveness of combination treatment with α1-adrenoblokator and type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor for patients of advanced and senile age suffering from lower urinary tract symptoms.].

The results of the pilot study are presented, the main purpose of which was to assess the effectiveness and safety of the combined application of α-adrenoblocator and type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor for the treatment of patients with symptoms of the lower urinary tract of old and old age. The study involved 60 patients over 50 years of age having middle-severe lower urinary tract symptoms, erectile dysfunction, moderately pronounced infravesical obstruction, prostate volume greater than 30 cc and prostate-specific antigen levels less than 4 ng/ml. The duration of treatment in all groups was 6 months.

[System-Based Support of Improvement of Quality of Life for Elderly People in Russia: Outlook and Challenges.].

The article examines the outlook and challenges relating to the provision of system-based support of healthcare providers and social services in the course of delivering their healthcare, mental health and social services to elderly people, in particular amidst a crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The article gives the definition of integrated health and social care, its structure and the algorithm of delivering integrated health and social care to elderly people. The article argues that a system of integrated health and social care will improve the quality of life of older populations and extend their active longevity through a person-centered social services plan offered according to an older person's needs.

[Regional System of Integrated Health and Social Care for Elderly People: Experience and Expertise of Saint-Petersburg.].

The article examines the challenges of creating a system of integrated health and social care for elderly people (the System) in Russia, these challenges being of particular significance in the light of the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the quality of life and mental and general health of elderly people, which need to be mitigated with due consideration of the dynamics of progression of age-associated chronic diseases of elderly people. The article describes the structure of the System, and the conditions and background of its establishment. It also looks at the components of system-based support of improvement of quality of life of elderly people.