Myelinated Glial Cells: Their Proposed Role in Waste Clearance and Neurodegeneration in Arachnid and Human Brain.

One of the most important goals in biomedical sciences is understanding the causal mechanisms of neurodegeneration. A prevalent hypothesis relates to impaired waste clearance mechanisms from the brain due to reported waste aggregation in the brains of Alzheimer patients, including amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tau tangles. Currently, our understanding of the mechanisms by which waste is removed from the brain is only fragmentary.

Factors affecting consonant production accuracy in children with cochlear implants: Expressive vocabulary and maternal education.

Background: Despite the ability of cochlear implants (CIs) to provide children with access to speech, there is considerable variability in spoken language outcomes. Research aimed at identifying factors influencing speech production accuracy is needed.

Aims: To characterize the consonant production accuracy of children with cochlear implants (CWCI) and an age-matched group of children with typical hearing (CWTH) and to explore several factors that potentially affect the ability of both groups to accurately produce consonants.

Early Life Stress Is Associated with Alterations in Lymphocyte Subsets Independent of Increased Inflammation in Adolescents.

Early life stress (ELS) is linked to an elevated risk of poor health and early mortality, with emerging evidence pointing to the pivotal role of the immune system in long-term health outcomes. While recent research has focused on the impact of ELS on inflammation, this study examined the impact of ELS on immune function, including CMV seropositivity, inflammatory cytokines, and lymphocyte cell subsets in an adolescent cohort. This study used data from the Early Life Stress and Cardiometabolic Health in Adolescence Study (N = 191, aged 12 to 21 years, N = 95 exposed to ELS).

A novel abuse liability assessment of e-cigarettes in young adults ii: Reinforcement enhancement and follow-up assessment.

A double-blind study was performed to test the abuse liability of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) in young adults; in particular, the influence of nicotine on reward sensitivity was assessed. A total of 53 healthy nonusers participated in experimental sessions during which they played a video game made available on a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement and self-administered nicotine via ENDS. Participants were randomized into one of three groups.

Prospective reciprocal relations between social support and eating disorder symptoms.

Prospective studies have found inconsistent relations between social support deficits and future increases in eating disorder symptoms. Furthermore, no prospective study has tested whether elevated eating disorder symptoms predict a future erosion of social support. Accordingly, the current study investigated the prospective reciprocal relations between perceived social support from both parents and peers and eating disorder symptoms in adolescent girls.

Evaluation of a novel eating disorder prevention program for young women with type 1 diabetes: A preliminary randomized trial.

Objective: Evaluate whether the Body Project prevention program adapted for young women with type 1 diabetes (Diabetes Body Project) reduces eating disorder (ED) risk factors and symptoms.

Methods: Young women (aged 15-30) at high-risk for EDs due to having type 1 diabetes and body image concerns (N = 55) were randomized to virtually delivered Diabetes Body Project groups or an educational control condition, completing measures at pretest, posttest, and 3-month follow-up.

Results: Diabetes Body Project versus the control participants showed significantly greater reductions in thin-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, diabetes distress, diabetes eating pathology, and ED symptoms by posttest, and greater reductions in diabetes eating pathology and ED symptoms, and greater improvements in quality of life by 3-month follow-up, which were medium to large effects (d's ranged from -0.

Sequencing of symptom emergence in anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and purging disorder in adolescent girls and relations of prodromal symptoms to future onset of these eating disorders.

Background: To advance knowledge regarding the etiology of eating disorders, we characterized the sequencing of eating disorder symptom emergence for adolescent girls who subsequently developed anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED), and purging disorder (PD) for community-recruited adolescents and tested whether prodromal symptoms increased risk for future onset of each eating disorder.

Methods: Data collected from adolescent girls ( = 496; age = 13.02, s.

The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on college students with marginalized identities.

This study sought to examine whether college students with marginalized identities have been disparately impacted by the Covid-19 pandemic with regard to perceived stress, social isolation, and pandemic-related concern, and whether this relationship was moderated by self-reported experiences of prejudice and/or discrimination. Nine hundred eighty three college students from 38 of the United States completed an online survey. Results showed that college students who were born after 1997 (i.

Incentivizing COVID-19 Vaccination in a Polarized and Partisan United States.

Context: As COVID-19 vaccines were rolled out in early 2021, governments at all levels in the United States experienced significant difficulty in consistently and efficiently administering injections in the face of vaccination resistance among a public increasingly politically polarized on vaccination preferences before the beginning of mass vaccinations.

Methods: Using an original conjoint experiment fielded to a nationally representative sample before the mass proliferation of COVID-19 vaccines, the authors examined how different incentives (e.g.

Tooth chipping patterns in Archaeolemur provide insight into diet and behavior.

Objectives: Archaeolemur is a recently extinct genus of lemur that is often compared to some Cercopithecidae, especially baboons. This is due in part to their derived dentition, with large anterior teeth and reduced bilophodont molars. Research involving comparative morphology, analysis of coprolites, isotopes, and enamel structure, have suggested Archaeolemur had an omnivorous diet involving mechanically challenging items.

Data crowdsourcing on psychomotor and cognitive effects of cannabis via mobile app.

In an effort to educate consumers of cannabis, we created a downloadable application (app) for mobile phones that collects data on the neuropsychological effects related to cannabis use. In particular, the app assessed four domains, these being: (i) psychomotor compensation, (ii) time estimation, (iii) sustained attention, and (iv) response inhibition. These tests were presented as a sequence of video games to be completed in under 10 min.

Efficacy of virtual delivery of a dissonance-based eating disorder prevention program and evaluation of a donation model to support sustained implementation.

Objective: Evaluate whether the prevention program reduces eating disorder risk factors and symptoms when implemented via synchronous video telepsychiatry, which could markedly increase the reach of this intervention and test whether a pay-it-forward donation model could support sustained implementation of this intervention.

Method: Young women at high risk for eating disorders because of body image concerns ( = 75; age range 16-27) were randomized to groups delivered virtually by peer educators or a waitlist control condition; participants who completed the for free because of past donations were encouraged to donate money so that this intervention could be provided for free to others.

Results: Participants randomized to virtually delivered groups showed significantly or marginally greater pretest-to-posttest reductions in pursuit of the thin ideal, body dissatisfaction, dieting, negative affect, and eating disorder symptoms than controls.

Neurodegeneration in a novel invertebrate model system: Failed microtubule-mediated cell adhesion and unraveling of macroglia.

Neurodegenerative diseases are among the main causes of death in the United States, leading to irreversible disintegration of neurons. Despite intense international research efforts, cellular mechanisms that initiate neurodegeneration remain elusive, thus inhibiting the development of effective preventative and early onset medical treatment. To identify underlying cellular mechanisms that initiate neuron degeneration, it is critical to identify histological and cellular hallmarks that can be linked to underlying biochemical processes.

Understanding how college students characterise and cope with chronic pain: a thematic analysis of expressive writing samples.

College students who experience chronic pain are a frequently overlooked population. This research attempts to provide insight into the language that college students use to describe their experiences with chronic pain, challenges they face and coping strategies they use. Over the course of 4 consecutive days, participants responded to an expressive writing prompt asking them to reflect on their emotions and thoughts related to being a college student with chronic pain.

Assessing the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine lotteries: A cross-state synthetic control methods approach.

Vaccines are the most effective means at combating sickness and death caused by COVID-19. Yet, there are significant populations within the United States who are vaccine-hesitant, some due to ideological or pseudo-scientific motivations, others due to significant perceived and real costs from vaccination. Given this vaccine hesitancy, twenty state governors from May 12th to July 21st 2021 implemented some form of vaccination lottery aiming to increase low vaccination rates.

Contrastive stress production by children with cochlear implants: Accuracy and acoustic characteristics.

The aim of this study was to examine the abilities of eight early-implanted children with cochlear implants (mean age 7.1 years) to produce contrastive stress and to compare their use of amplitude, duration, and fundamental frequency, to an age-matched group of children with typical hearing (mean age 6.11 years).

Evolutionary Instability of Collateral Susceptibility Networks in Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Clinical Escherichia coli Strains.

Collateral sensitivity and resistance occur when resistance development toward one antimicrobial either potentiates or deteriorates the effect of others. Previous reports on collateral effects on susceptibility focus on newly acquired resistance determinants and propose that novel treatment guidelines informed by collateral networks may reduce the evolution, selection, and spread of antimicrobial resistance. In this study, we investigate the evolutionary stability of collateral networks in five ciprofloxacin-resistant, clinical Escherichia coli strains.

Cold spots and cold moments: The potential for sediment freezing to depress denitrification in wetland sediments.

Within the north-temperate zone, winters can be long and are associated with conditions of low temperature and potential for sediment freezing. There are critical gaps in our knowledge of biogeochemical cycling during winter and inadequate knowledge of how warming winters and changing snowpack might affect biogeochemistry. Here, we assessed the impacts of sediment freeze-thaw cycling and nitrate amendment on denitrification rates in the littoral fringe of four urban wetlands.

Stress-induced HPA activation in virtual navigation and spatial attention performance.

Background: Previous research has shown that spatial performance (e.g. navigation, visuospatial memory, attention) can be influenced by acute stress; however, studies have produced mixed findings sometimes showing an improvement after stress, other times showing impairment or no overall effect.

Fundamental mechanics of tooth fracture and wear: implications for humans and other primates.

Until recently, there had been little attempt in the literature to identify and quantify the underlying mechanics of tooth durability in terms of materials engineering concepts. In humans and most mammals, teeth must endure a lifetime of sustained occlusal mastication-they have to resist fracture and wear. It is well documented that teeth are resilient, but what are the unique features that make this possible? The present article surveys recent materials engineering research aimed at addressing this fundamental question.

Dopamine sensitization by methamphetamine treatment prior to instrumental training delays the transition into habit in female rats.

Early in instrumental learning, behavior is goal-directed and sensitive to changes in the value of the instrumental outcome. With sufficient repetition, responding becomes insensitive to changes in outcome value, or habitual. We have previously found that females transition into habit over a distinct range of training from 120 to 160 reinforced responses.