Vaccine to Nano-Vaccine: Novel Technique to Treat Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Autoimmune diseases are a class of diseases wherein the immune system of the body targets itself through autoreactive T cells and autoantibodies. Autoimmune diseases are classified as organ-specific autoimmune diseases and systemic autoimmune diseases. Organ-specific autoimmune diseases such as primary biliary cirrhosis, Hashimoto's Thyroiditis (HT), Type 1 Diabetes mellitus (T1D), and Graves' Disease (GD) are characterized by a unique immune system response to autoantigens in a single organ.

Birinapant improves imiquimod-induced psoriasis in BALB/c mice.

Objectives: This study investigates the effects of birinapant, a novel compound, on psoriasis-like symptoms induced by imiquimod in Balb/c mice.

Material And Methods: Male Balb/c mice were treated with imiquimod (IMQ) to induce psoriasis-like symptoms. The clinical characteristics of psoriasis were assessed using the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index, as well as back skin thickness, skin length and mass, and body weight alterations.

Investigating the antidepressant effects of amantadine combined with amitriptyline in a chronic unpredictable mild stress model in mice.

Amantadine, an N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist traditionally used as an antiviral drug, was investigated for its potential antidepressant effect in combination with amitriptyline, a well-established tricyclic antidepressant, in a Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress (CUMS) animal model of depression. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of this drug combination in alleviating depression-like symptoms. Behavioral assessments were conducted using the Forced Swim Test, Tail Suspension Test, Actophotometer test, and Sucrose Preference Test to measure depressive effect.

Intercellular communication via exosomes: A new paradigm in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders.

Neurodegenerative disorders are one of the leading causes of death and disability and pose a great economic burden on healthcare systems. Generally, these neurodegenerative disorders have a progressive deterioration in neural function and structure, and deposition of misfolded proteins commonly occurs, such as amyloid-β in AD and α-synuclein in PD. However, there exists a special class of exosomes, which acts like a transmitter and enhances communication between cells.

A herbal approach to diabetic cardiomyopathy: moringa, ginger, and garlic unveiled.

Objective: Chronic inflammation contributes to myocardial complications in diabetes, marked by tissue fibrosis, necrosis, and apoptosis. and have individually demonstrated efficacy in diabetes management. In this study, it is hypothesised that a combination of these herbs in a polyherbal formulation would protect against diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Innovative Approaches to Psoriasis: Small Molecules Targeting Key Signaling Pathways.

Background: Psoriasis (Pso) is a chronic, immune-mediated dermatological condition characterized by dysregulated inflammatory responses and the hyperproliferation of keratinocytes. Biologics, which target specific cytokines such as IL-17 and IL-23, have revolutionized the management by addressing key drivers of its pathophysiology. Despite their efficacy, biologics are not without limitations, including the need for intermittent administration and ongoing monitoring.

Deciphering the role of neuropeptides as biomarkers for early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological condition and is characterized by both motor and non-motor symptoms. Early diagnosis is essential for effective therapy and management; nevertheless, present diagnostic methods are frequently insufficient and primarily rely on clinical symptoms that appear later in the disease. Neuropeptides, such as alpha-synuclein (α-syn), Substance P (SP), neurotensin (Nts), Neuropeptide Y (NPY), and somatostatin (SST), exhibit significant potential as biomarkers for the early identification of Parkinson's disease (PD).

Unraveling non-coding RNAs in breast cancer: mechanistic insights and therapeutic potential.

Breast cancer remains a leading global health challenge requiring innovative, therapeutic strategies to improve patient outcomes. This review explores the pivotal roles of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including long non-coding RNA, micro RNA, and circular RNA, in breast cancer biology. We highlight how these molecules regulate critical signaling pathways, influence tumor microenvironments, and contribute to treatment resistance.

Sulfamethizole Attenuates Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizures in Mice via mTOR Inhibition.

Epilepsy affects at least 1% of the global population of all socioeconomic backgrounds. Data obtained from previous studies suggest the role of mTOR signaling in epileptogenesis. The present study aimed to investigate the hypothesis that mTOR inhibitor sulfamethizole might produce antiepileptic effects in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling seizures in mice.

Evaluation of Functional Properties and the Lipase Inhibitory Activity of Proteins from Amaranthus cruentus Seeds.

Aims/background: Obesity is characterized by excessive body fat and is a chronic and complex disease. The medications used to date for the treatment of obesity have exhibited various side effects. Thus, new substances must be sought from alternative sources as anti-obesity drugs.

Cross talk on therapeutic strategies: natriuretic peptides and inhibiting neprilysin in hypertension management.

Hypertension, a prevalent cardiovascular condition globally, remains a significant public health concern due to its association with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Despite the availability of various antihypertensive therapies, achieving optimal blood pressure control in patients remains a challenge. Valsartan/sacubitril (ARNi), marketed as Entresto by Novartis, combines valsartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker, with sacubitril, an inhibitor of neprilysin.

Exercise, exerkines and exercise mimetic drugs: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutics.

Chronic diseases linked with sedentary lifestyles and poor dietary habits are increasingly common in modern society. Exercise is widely acknowledged to have a plethora of health benefits, including its role in primary prevention of various chronic conditions like type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and several musculoskeletal as well as degenerative disorders. Regular physical activity induces numerous physiological adaptations that contribute to these positive effects, primarily observed in skeletal muscle but also impacting other tissues.

Targeting high-mobility-group-box-1-mediated inflammation: a promising therapeutic approach for myocardial infarction.

Myocardial ischemia, resulting from coronary artery blockage, precipitates cardiac arrhythmias, myocardial structural changes, and heart failure. The pathophysiology of MI is mainly based on inflammation and cell death, which are essential in aggravating myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. Emerging research highlights the functionality of high mobility group box-1, a non-histone nucleoprotein functioning as a chromosomal stabilizer and inflammatory mediator.

Exploration of anti-atherosclerotic activity of 1,8-cineole through network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vivo efficacy studies in high-fat-diet-induced atherosclerosis in hamsters.

The anti-atherogenic potential of liver X receptors (LXRs) has been attributed to their inhibitory role in macrophage-mediated inflammation and promotion of reverse cholesterol transport. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of an LXR agonist, 1,8-cineole (Eucalyptol), in atherosclerosis through network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vivo efficacy studies in high-fat-diet-induced atherosclerosis in hamsters. Network pharmacology analysis was performed by identifying potential targets of 1,8-Cineole and atherosclerosis, followed by the construction of component-target-disease and protein-protein interaction networks.

Ghrelin in Depression: A Promising Therapeutic Target.

Depression is a widespread disease affecting over 300 million individuals of various ethnicities and socioeconomic backgrounds globally. It frequently strikes early in life and becomes a chronic or recurring lifelong illness. Out of the various hypotheses for the pathophysiology of depression, the gut-brain axis and stress hypothesis are the ones that need to be researched, as psychological stress impairs one or more pathways of the brain-gut axis and is likely to cause brain-gut axis dysfunction and depression.

A Comprehensive Review of Self-Nanoemulsifying Systems in the Delivery of Herbal Drugs.

Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) are an isotropic mixture of oils, co-surfactants, and surfactants and can form fine O/W Nanoemulsions in aqueous media. These components are advantageous in terms of improved solubility and bioavailability. Limited permeability, solubility, and bioavailability remain a significant challenge in developing herbal drugs.

Recent advancements of betulinic acid-based drug delivery systems for cancer therapy (2002-2023).

Betulinic acid, a compound classified as a pentacyclic triterpenoid, is found in abundance in a variety of medicinal plants and natural substances. Its broad spectrum of biological and medicinal properties, particularly its potent antitumor activity, has gained significant attention in recent years. The anticancer properties of betulinic acid are governed by mitochondrial signalling pathways and it exhibit selectivity for cancerous tissue, leaving non-cancerous cells and normal tissue unharmed.

Leveraging Multi-Omics Approaches and Advanced Technologies to Unravel the Molecular Complexities, Modifiers, and Precision Medicine Strategies for Hemoglobin H Disease.

Hemoglobin H (HbH) disease, a form of alpha-thalassemia, poses significant clinical challenges due to its complex molecular underpinnings. It is characterized by reduced synthesis of the alpha-globin chain. The integration of multi-omics and precision medicine holds immense potential to comprehensively understand and capture interactions at the molecular and genetic levels.

PARP inhibitors in ovarian cancer: Mechanisms, resistance, and the promise of combination therapy.

Current approaches to treating ovarian cancer focus mainly on surgical cytoreduction and chemotherapy using platinum-based drugs, while newer methods such as immunotherapy are being investigated to enhance treatment outcomes. Treating ovarian cancer is complicated by challenges such as late-stage detection, tumor diversity, and limited treatment choices. Therefore, innovative strategies such as precision medicine and targeted therapies like PARPi (Poly ADP-Ribose Polymerase inhibitors) are increasingly necessary.

Bioavailability enhancement of atazanavir sulphate using mixed micelles: in vitro characterization and in vivo pharmacokinetic study.

This study aims to enhance the oral bioavailability of atazanavir sulphate, a human immunodeficiency virus-1 protease inhibitor known for its poor oral absorption, by formulating mixed micelles using Soluplus® and Kolliphor HS 15. Mixed micelles were prepared through the thin film hydration technique. The micelles were characterized for particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, drug loading, and confirmed for atazanavir sulphate encapsulation via FTIR studies.

Valosin-containing protein: A potential therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases.

Valosin-containing protein (VCP), also known as p97, plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including protein degradation, endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation, and cell cycle regulation. While extensive research has been focused on VCP's involvement in protein homeostasis and its implications in neurodegenerative diseases, emerging evidence suggests a potential link between VCP and cardiovascular health. VCP is a key regulator of mitochondrial function, and its overexpression or mutations lead to pathogenic diseases and cellular stress responses.