New Promising Routes in Peptic Ulcers: Toll-like Receptors and Semaphorins.

Peptic ulcers (PU) are one of the commonest yet problematic diseases found to be existing in the majority of the population. Today, drugs from a wide range of therapeutic classes are available for the management of the disease. Still, the complications of the condition are difficult to tackle and the side effect profile is quite a concern.

Mechanisms of emerging resistance associated with non-antibiotic antimicrobial agents: a state-of-the-art review.

Although the development of resistance by microorganisms to antimicrobial drugs has been recognized as a global public health concern, the contribution of various non-antibiotic antimicrobial agents to the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains largely neglected. The present review discusses various chemical substances and factors other than typical antibiotics, such as preservatives, disinfectants, biocides, heavy metals and improper chemical sterilization that contribute to the development of AMR. Furthermore, it encompasses the mechanisms like co-resistance and co-selection, horizontal gene transfer, changes in the composition and permeability of cell membrane, efflux pumps, transposons, biofilm formation and enzymatic degradation of antimicrobial chemicals which underlie the development of resistance to various non-antibiotic antimicrobial agents.

Modification and Functionalization of Polymers for Targeting to Bone Cancer and Bone Regeneration.

Bone is one of the most complex, inaccessible body structures, responsible for calcium storage and haematopoiesis. The second highest cause of death across the world is cancer. Amongst all the types of cancers, bone cancer treatment modalities are limited due to the structural complexity and inaccessibility of bones.

Stimuli-Responsive Design of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Cancer Theranostics: Current Challenges and Future Perspective.

Scientific fraternity revealed the potential of stimuli-responsive nanotherapeutics for cancer treatment that aids in tackling the major restrictions of traditionally reported drug delivery systems. Among stimuli-responsive inorganic nanomaterials, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have transpired as unique porous materials displaying resilient structures and diverse applications in cancer theranostics. Mainly, it demonstrates tailorable porosity, versatile chemical configuration, tunable size and shape, and feasible surface functionalization, etc.

Elucidation of the Role of the Epigenetic Regulatory Mechanisms of PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Human Malignancies.

The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway modulates cell growth, proliferation, metabolism, and movement. Moreover, significant studies have shown that the genes involved in this pathway are frequently activated in human cancer. Observational and computational modeling of the PI3K/AKt/ mTOR pathway inhibitors has been explored in clinical trials.

An Overview of Recent Findings that Shed Light on the Connection between Fat and Cancer.

Obesity and cancer have been found to have a direct link in epidemiological studies. Obesity raises the risk of cancer and associated chronic disorders. Furthermore, an imbalance of adipokines, like leptins, plays a crucial role in neoplasm pathogenesis, cell migration, and thereby, cancer metastasis.

The emerging paradigm of Unconventional T cells as a novel therapeutic target for celiac disease.

Celiac disease (CD) is an organ-specific autoimmune disorder that occurs in genetically predisposed individuals when exposed to exogenous dietary gluten. This exposure to wheat gluten and related proteins from rye and barley triggers an immune response which leads to the development of enteropathy associated with symptoms of bloating, diarrhea, or malabsorption. The sole current treatment is to follow a gluten-free diet for the rest of one's life.

Novel Vesicular Bilosomal Delivery Systems for Dermal/Transdermal Applications.

The application of therapeutically active molecules through the dermal/transdermal route into the skin has evolved as an attractive formulation strategy in comparison to oral delivery systems for the treatment of various disease conditions. However, the delivery of drugs across the skin is limited due to poor permeability. Dermal/transdermal delivery is associated with ease of accessibility, enhanced safety, better patient compliance, and reduced variability in plasma drug concentrations.

Topotecan alleviates acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats via attenuation of the RORγT transcription factor.

Aims: Ulcerative colitis is characterized as a chronic immune-mediated inflammatory condition, affecting the intestinal gastroenteric tissue. Previous studies revealed that Th-17 cells are key players in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis. RORγT (Retinoic-acid-receptor-related orphan receptor-gamma T) is a lineage-specific transcription factor of Th-17 cells and thus has a role in their differentiation.

Targeting Cellular Senescence: A Potential Therapeutic approach for Alzheimer's Disease.

Although Amyloid beta plaque and neurofibrillary tangles are considered the two main hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the mechanism by which they contribute is not clearly understood. Cellular senescence (CS) has been demonstrated to be a key characteristic of AD. Recent research suggests that persistent buildup of senescent cells over time results in protracted activation of inflammatory stress as an organism ages because of the accumulation of irreversible DNA damage and oxidative stress as well as the deterioration of immune system function.

Targeting Sigma-1 Receptor: A Promising Strategy in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease.

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease affecting mainly the elderly population. It is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta region. Parkinson's disease patients exhibit motor symptoms like tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia/hypokinesia, and non-motor symptoms like depression, cognitive decline, delusion, and pain.

mAKAPβ signalosome: A potential target for cardiac hypertrophy.

Pathological cardiac hypertrophy is the result of a prolonged increase in the workload of the heart that activates various signaling pathways such as MAPK pathway, PKA-dependent cAMP signaling, and CaN-NFAT signaling pathway which further activates genes for cardiac remodeling. Various signalosomes are present in the heart that regulates the signaling of physiological and pathological cardiac hypertrophy. mAKAPβ is one such scaffold protein that regulates signaling pathways involved in promoting cardiac hypertrophy.

Deciphering the role of metal and non-metals in the treatment of epilepsy.

Metals and non-metals have known to play a significant role in various physiological roles in the body including the central nervous system (CNS). The alterations in their concentration in the CNS leads to abnormalities in the normal functions which may lead to various neurological conditions including epilepsy. Manganese is a cofactor required for antioxidant enzymes such as Superoxide dismutase, Glutamine synthetase, etc.

Protective effect of resveratrol and tannic acid combination on aluminium chloride induced neurotoxicity in rats.

Objective: Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and one of the most common causes of dementia. Despite recent advancements, there exists an unmet need for a suitable therapeutic option. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of the combination of resveratrol (20 mg/kg/day p.

Correlation of mutated gene and signalling pathways in ASD.

Autism is a complicated spectrum of neurodevelopmental illnesses characterized by repetitive and constrained behaviors and interests, as well as social interaction and communication difficulties that are first shown in infancy. More than 18 million Indians, according to the National Health Portal of India, and 1 in 160 children worldwide, according to the WHO, are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. This review aims to discuss the complex genetic architecture that underlies autism and summarizes the role of proteins likely to play in the development of autism.

An Update on Autophagy as a Target in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.

Proteostasis is crucial for the maintenance and proper operation of cells. Under typical circumstances, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and the autophagy-lysosome pathway are used to clean out undesired, damaged, misfolded, or aggregated proteins. Any dysregulation in the above-mentioned pathways leads to neurodegeneration.

Tailoring Deep Eutectic Solvents to Provoke Solubility and Bioavailability of Naringin: Implications of a Computational Approach.

Recently, the applications of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as green and sustainable solvents for the solubilization of functional foods and phytophenols have dramatically risen concerning global issues on the utilization of organic solvents. Nevertheless, developing a suitable DES system for phytocomponents to enhance its solubility and bioavailability is complex and requires a sound experimental setup. Herein, we have attempted to develop DES encompassing the choline chloride (ChCl) along with oxalic acid (OA), l-glutamine (l-Glu), urea (U), and glycerol (Gro) at different ratios to elicit the solubility and bioavailability of naringin (NAR).

Anti-Tuberculosis Mur Inhibitors: Structural Insights and the Way Ahead for Development of Novel Agents.

Mur enzymes serve as critical molecular devices for the synthesis of UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide, the main building block of bacterial peptidoglycan polymer. These enzymes have been extensively studied for bacterial pathogens such as and . Various selective and mixed Mur inhibitors have been designed and synthesized in the past few years.

Ivermectin: A Critical Review on Characteristics, Properties, and Analytical Methods.

Background: Ivermectin is one of the first, safe, broad-spectrum avermectin class of antiparasitic agent, widely used to control parasitic growth in livestock. Ivermectin being highly lipophilic accumulates in fat tissues, causing its long-term existence in the body. Accordingly, ivermectin residues are observed in various animal products such as milk and meat presenting several health hazards.

Sorafenib Loaded Resealed Erythrocytes for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Background: This study aims to formulate and characterize sorafenib-loaded resealed erythrocytes (SoRE) and investigate their anticancer activity in a rat model of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Methods: SoRE were prepared by hypotonic dialysis of red blood cells obtained from Wistar rats using a range of drug-containing dialysis mediums (2-10 mg/ml) and osmosis time (30-240 mins). Optimized SoRE (8 mg/mL and 240 mins) were characterized for size, morphology, stability, entrapment efficiency, release profiles, and in vivo efficacy evaluations.

The Experimental Animal Models in Psoriasis Research: A Comprehensive Review.

Psoriasis is an autoimmune, chronic, inflammatory skin condition mediated by T cells. It differs from other inflammatory conditions by causing significant alterations in epidermal cell proliferation and differentiation that are both complicated and prominent. The lack of an appropriate animal model has significantly hindered studies into the pathogenic mechanisms of psoriasis since animals other than humans typically do not exhibit the complex phenotypic features of human psoriasis.

Sulfamethizole attenuates poloxamer 407-induced atherosclerotic neointima formation via inhibition of mTOR in C57BL/6 mice.

Mammalian target of Rapamycin C1 (mTORC1) inhibition limits plaque progression in atherosclerosis. The present study evaluated the protective effect of sulfamethizole on poloxamer 407-induced atherosclerotic neointima formation in C57BL/6 mice via mTOR inhibition. Poloxamer 407 (P-407) (0.

A Review on Recent Advances in Mannose-Functionalized Targeted Nanocarrier Delivery Systems in Cancer and Infective Therapeutics.

Unmodified nanocarriers used in the chemotherapy of cancers and various infectious diseases exhibit prolonged blood circulation time, prevent enzymatic degradation and increase chemical stability of encapsulated therapeutics. However, off-target effect and lack of specificity associated with unmodified nanoparticles (NPs) limit their applications in the health care system. Mannose (Man) receptors with significant overexpression on antigen-presenting cells and macrophages are among the most admired targets for cancer and anti-infective therapeutics.

Targeting Epigenetic Mechanisms: A Boon for Cancer Immunotherapy.

Immunotherapy is rapidly emerging as a promising approach against cancer. In the last decade, various immunological mechanisms have been targeted to induce an increase in the immune response against cancer cells. However, despite promising results, many patients show partial response, resistance, or serious toxicities.

Structural fingerprinting of pleiotropic flavonoids for multifaceted Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease has emerged as one of the most challenging neurodegenerative diseases associated with dementia, loss of cognitive functioning and memory impairment. Despite enormous efforts to identify disease modifying technologies, the repertoire of currently approved drugs consists of a few symptomatic candidates that are not capable of halting disease progression. Moreover, these single mechanism drugs target only a small part of the pathological cascade and do not address most of the etiological basis of the disease.