Co(II) complexes of tetraazamacrocycles appended with amide or hydroxypropyl groups as paraCEST agents.

Co(II) complexes of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (CYCLEN) or 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane (CYCLAM) with 2-hydroxypropyl or carbamoylmethyl (amide) pendants are studied with the goal of developing paramagnetic chemical exchange saturation transfer (paraCEST) agents. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies show that two of the coordination cations with hexadentate ligands, [Co(DHP)] and [Co(BABC)], form six-coordinate complexes; whereas two CYCLEN-based complexes with potentially octadentate ligands, [Co(THP)] and [Co(HPAC)], are seven-coordinate with only three of the four pendant groups bound to the metal center. H NMR spectra of these complexes suggest that the six-coordinate complexes are present as a single isomer in aqueous solution.

Effect of gestational disorders on preterm birth, low birthweight, and NICU admission.

Objective: Many modifiable maternal behaviors and experiences before and during pregnancy are associated with adverse health outcomes. The relationship between a number of maternal and gestational disorders and perinatal outcomes (preterm birth, low birth weight and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)) admission in the Central New York population is determined using the Statewide Perinatal Data System, in a retrospective population-based cohort study.

Methods: Singleton births excluding newborns with congenital anomalies among 165,739 women between 2004 and 2012 are included in this study.

Co Complexes as Liposomal CEST Agents.

Three paramagnetic Co macrocyclic complexes containing 2-hydroxypropyl pendant groups, 1,1',1'',1'''-(1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1,4,8,11-tetrayl)tetrakis- (propan-2-ol) ([Co(L1)] , 1,1'-(4,11-dibenzyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1,8-diyl)bis(propan-2-ol) ([Co(L2)] ), and 1,1'-(4,11-dibenzyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1,8-diyl)bis(octadecan-2-ol) ([Co(L3)] ) were synthesized to prepare transition metal liposomal chemical exchange saturation transfer (lipoCEST) agents. In solution, ([Co(L1)] ) forms two isomers as shown by H NMR spectroscopy. X-ray crystallographic studies show one isomer with 1,8-pendants in cis-configuration and a second isomer with 1,4-pendants in trans-configuration.

Inner-Sphere and Outer-Sphere Water Interactions in Co(II) paraCEST Agents.

High-spin Co(II) complexes are promising for development as paraCEST agents (paraCEST = paramagnetic chemical exchange saturation transfer) for magnetic resonance imaging applications. The first examples of Co(II) paraCEST agents with bound water ligands are presented here. Four Co(II) macrocyclic complexes based on 1,4,7-triazacyclononane and containing either pendent alcohol or pendent amide groups were prepared.

Constraint-induced direct phasing method.

The best and most detailed structural information is obtained when the diffraction pattern of a single crystal a few tenths of a millimetre in each dimension is analyzed, but growing high-quality crystals of this size is often difficult, sometimes impossible. However, many crystallization experiments that do not yield single crystals do yield showers of randomly oriented microcrystals that can be exposed to X-rays simultaneously to produce a powder diffraction pattern. Although single-crystal diffraction data consist of discrete spots or X-ray reflections, the diffraction of microcrystals in a powder forms rings so that the reflections overlap.

Polysemy in Sentence Comprehension: Effects of Meaning Dominance.

Words like church are polysemous, having two related senses (a building and an organization). Three experiments investigated how polysemous senses are represented and processed during sentence comprehension. On one view, readers retrieve an underspecified, core meaning, which is later specified more fully with contextual information.

Changes in water chemistry can disable plankton prey defenses.

The effectiveness of antipredator defenses is greatly influenced by the environment in which an organism lives. In aquatic ecosystems, the chemical composition of the water itself may play an important role in the outcome of predator-prey interactions by altering the ability of prey to detect predators or to implement defensive responses once the predator's presence is perceived. Here, we demonstrate that low calcium concentrations (<1.

Comprehension of Linguistic Dependencies: Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff Evidence for Direct-Access Retrieval From Memory.

Comprehenders can rapidly and efficiently interpret expressions with various types of non-adjacent dependencies. In the sentence The boy that the teacher warned fell, boy is readily interpreted as the subject of the verb fall despite the fact that a relative clause, that the teacher warned, intervenes between the two dependent elements. We review research investigating three memory operations proposed for resolving this and other types of non-adjacent dependencies: serial search retrieval, in which the dependent constituent is recovered by a search process through representations in memory, direct-access retrieval in which the dependent constituent is recovered directly by retrieval cue operations without search, and active maintenance of the dependent constituent in focal attention.

Effects of thermal acclimation on tissue fatty acid composition of freshwater alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus).

In this study, we examine changes in fatty acid composition of polar and neutral lipids in gill, liver, and muscle of freshwater alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus) after temperature challenges in the laboratory. Alewives experienced either a warm or cold challenge in which temperatures were raised or lowered 0.5°C day(-1) over 4-6 weeks.

Enhancing MAD F(A) data for substructure determination.

Heavy-atom substructure determination is a critical step in phasing an unknown macromolecular structure. Dual-space (Shake-and-Bake) recycling is a very effective procedure for locating the substructure (heavy) atoms using F(A) data estimated from multiple-wavelength anomalous diffraction. However, the estimated F(A) are susceptible to the accumulation of errors in the individual intensity measurements at several wavelengths and from inaccurate estimation of the anomalous atomic scattering corrections f' and f''.

Turning inducible defenses on and off: adaptive responses of Daphnia to a gape-limited predator.

The use of inducible defenses is a common strategy to reduce predation while minimizing associated costs for prey. The most effective use of these defenses, however, may involve turning them on and off at different stages of ontogenetic development, with the timing dependent on prey body size and the nature of the predation environment. We develop a model based on the strike efficiency of a size-selective predator that examines the interaction between induced morphological defenses and prey body size, including the consequences of this interaction for the optimal development of the defenses during the prey's ontogeny.

The relationship between sexual abuse during childhood and parenting outcomes: modeling direct and indirect pathways.

Objective: This study examined the association between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and parenting outcomes including parenting stress, feelings of competence and discipline strategies. Maternal depression and current partner violence were hypothesized to be mediators of the association between CSA and parenting.

Method: This study is based on secondary data analysis of archived data.

The association between maternal cocaine use during pregnancy and physiological regulation in 4- to 8-week-old infants: an examination of possible mediators and moderators.

Objective: To examine the association between maternal cocaine use during pregnancy and physiological measures of regulation, which included heart rate (HR) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA).

Methods: Potential mediators and moderators of this association were explored. Participants were 141 mother-infant dyads (77 cocaine exposed and 64 nonexposed) recruited at birth.