Prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors in middle-class urban participants in India.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of diabetes and awareness, treatment and control of cardiovascular risk factors in population-based participants in India.

Methods: A study was conducted in 11 cities in different regions of India using cluster sampling. Participants were evaluated for demographic, biophysical, and biochemical risk factors.

Fetus in fetu: report of two cases.

Fetus-in-fetu (FIF) is a rare and interesting entity characterized byincorporation of a malformed, monozygotic, diamnionic parasitic twin into the body of other normal twin partner. FIF is differentiated from teratoma by its embryological origin, its unusual location in the retroperitoneal space and the presence of vertebral column (axis) often with appropriate arrangement of other organs or limbs around this axis. We report two cases of FIF.

The Raikas - a unique combination of high prevalence of type 1 diabetes susceptibility genes and near zero incidence of the disease.

The Raikas, a camel rearing tribal group living in the Thar desert of Rajasthan has been reported with a very low incidence of diabetes. We analysed the frequency distribution of HLA alleles in this community and compared the same with the non-Raika group living in the same geographic location and also that of the healthy North Indian (NI) population. The data revealed an exceptionally high phenotype frequency of HLA-DRB1*03 in this community (53%) as compared to the non-Raika group (27.

High prevalence of metabolic syndrome among urban subjects in India: a multisite study.

Objective: Metabolic syndrome is an important cardiovascular risk factor. To determine its prevalence among urban subjects in India we performed a multisite study.

Methods: The study was performed at eleven cities using cluster sampling.

Ergonomics in dentistry.

Ergonomics is much broader than preventing work‑related musculoskeletal disorders. The successful application of ergo‑ nomics assures high productivity, avoidance of illnesses and injuries, and increased satisfaction among workers. Unsuc‑ cessful application, on the other hand, can lead to work‑related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs).

Macrophage activation syndrome presenting with pericardial effusion, hyponatremia and renal involvement.

Background: Macrophage activation syndrome is a rare and life threatening complication of childhood rheumatic disorders.

Case Characteristics: 6-year-old male child with macrophage activation syndrome complicating systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Observation: He developed pericardial effusion, hyponatremia and deranged renal function.

Long-term efficacy of single-dose radiofrequency-induced heat therapy vs. intralesional antimonials for cutaneous leishmaniasis in India.

Background: Radiofrequency-induced heat therapy (RFHT) has been found to be safe and effective against cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in the short term, but its long-term efficacy is unclear.

Objectives: To compare the long-term efficacy of RFHT vs. intralesional sodium stibogluconate (SSG) injections in the treatment of CL in India.

Long-term efficacy of radiofrequency ablation in treatment of common and palmo-plantar warts.

Current treatments for warts induce significant local tissue damage and do not prevent recurrence. We evaluated the efficacy of localised radiofrequency heat (RFH) therapy in inducing the long-term resolution of common and palmo-plantar warts in a placebo-controlled randomised single blind trial. Our data show that RFH therapy is a safe, cosmetically acceptable and long-term effective treatment for warts.

A study on pulmonary manifestations in patients with malaria from northwestern India (Bikaner).

Background & Objectives: Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) and Plasmodium vivax (Pv) are responsible for most of the global burden of malaria. With changing spectrum of clinical presentation in malaria, pulmonary system involvement has always been under diagnosed. The present study was planned to estimate the pulmonary system involvement in patients with malaria from north- western India (Bikaner).

Efficacy of Intralesional Bleomycin in Palmo-plantar and Periungual Warts.

Background/aim: Intralesional bleomycin gained increasing popularity in the recent past for treatment of warts particularly in palmo-plantar and periungual regions as other modalities are not very effective. Hence we evaluated the role of intralesional bleomycin in periungual and palmo-plantar warts to know its efficacy in Indian patients.

Settings And Design: This was a placebo-controlled study.

Atherothrombotic risk factors & premature coronary heart disease in India: a case-control study.

Background & Objectives: It was hypothesized that both thrombogenic and atherogenic factors may be responsible for premature coronary heart disease (CHD) in young Indians. A case-control study was performed to determine cardiovascular risk factors in young patients with CHD in India.

Methods: Successive consenting patients <55 yr with an acute coronary event or recent diagnosis of CHD were enrolled (cases, n=165).

Effect of camel milk on glycemic control and insulin requirement in patients with type 1 diabetes: 2-years randomized controlled trial.

Background/objectives: Hypoglycemic effect of camel milk supplementation in experimental rat model and significant reduction in doses of insulin in type 1 diabetic patients have been observed in our previous studies. This long-term study was undertaken to assess the efficacy, safety and acceptability of camel milk as an adjunct to insulin therapy in type 1 diabetics.

Subjects/methods: In this 2-year randomized clinical, parallel design study, 24 type 1 diabetics were enrolled and divided into two groups.

Unresponsive cutaneous leishmaniasis and HIV co-infection: report of three cases.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a vector borne disease caused by various species of Leishmania parasite. CL is endemic in the Thar desert of Rajasthan state and Himachal Pradesh in India. Immune suppression caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with atypical clinical presentation of CL which responds poorly to the standard treatment and causes frequent relapses.

Role of Helicobacter pylori in causation of diabetic gastropathies and non-gastrointestinal complications in type 2 diabetes.

A cross-sectional case-control study was conducted in 80 diabetic patients, to evaluate the incidence of gastropathy by endoscopy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. An association between Helicobacter pylori infection and non-gastrointestinal complication of diabetes mellitus was also looked into. Gastric biopsies were subjected to rapid urease test for demonstration of Helicobacter pylori.

Efficacy of short-duration (twice weekly) intralesional sodium stibogluconate in treatment of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in India.

Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is caused by Leishmania major and L. tropica in the old world. Bikaner, the 'Thar Desert', situated in the north-western corner of India, is an endemic pocket for CL caused by L.

Musculoskeletal manifestations of diabetes mellitus.

The musculoskeletal conditions most commonly associated with diabetes are discussed below. One or more pathogenic mechanisms may be implicated in an association of a musculoskeletal condition with diabetes. Some rheumatological conditions are exclusive to diabetes whilst others occur more frequently in the diabetic population compared with non-diabetics.

General considerations in hypospadias surgery.

Nonsystemic review of the literature was done for timing of surgery, preoperative evaluation and plan, anesthesia, suture materials, magnification, tissue handling, stent and diversion problems, intra and postoperative care, dressing, and follow-up protocol. The best time for hypospadias repair is between 6 and 18 months. Preoperative evaluation in proximal hypospadias includes hormonal and radiological examination for intersex disorders, as well as for upper tract anomalies along with routine evaluation.

Evaluation of antibiotic sensitivity pattern in cases of enteric fever in north west Rajasthan.

A total of 50 cases of blood culture proved enteric fever were studied for clinical response to the treatment and compared with in vivo antibiotic sensitivity pattern. Out of 50 Salmonella strains isolated, 37 were S typhi and 13 S paratyphi A. All S typhi isolates were sensitive in vitro to gentamicin and ceftriaxone while sensitivity to ciprofloxacin was 73%, ampicillin 29.

A rare cause of heart failure--primary hypoparathyroidism.

We report a patient who presented with congestive heart failure (ejection fraction 24.4%) and who had previous history of convulsions. Our investigations found him to be a case of primary hypoparathyroidism.

Serum magnesium: an early predictor of course and complications of diabetes mellitus.

The aim of this study was to evaluate relationship between serum magnesium and course of diabetes mellitus and also to find out, if there is any relation between serum magnesium and various complications of diabetes mellitus. A cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the relationship between serum magnesium in 50 type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients with or without complications and 40 normal healthy persons. Serum magneisum estimation was done using calmagite dye method using autoanalyser (Beckman DU clin systems).

Cardiovascular risk factors in tobacco-chewers: a controlled study.

Background: Influence of habitual tobacco chewing on cardiovascular risk has not been well studied. To determine prevalence of major cardiovascular risk factors in subjects who habitually chew tobacco we performed a controlled study.

Methods: A population based case-control study was performed in Bikaner in North-western India where the prevalence of tobacco-chewing is high.

A double blind, randomised placebo controlled trial of rifampicin with omeprazole in the treatment of human cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Background & Objectives: This study was conducted on 50 patients of Anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (oriental sore) to assess the efficacy of rifampicin and omeprazole through a double blind, randomised placebo control study.

Methods: The diagnosis of Anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) caused by Leishmania tropica was done by demonstration of Leishmania tropica (LT) bodies from the painless, dry ulcerative lesion. Each patient was assessed clinically in the beginning of the study, at the end of 2,4 and 6 weeks and all observations were compared in both the groups.

Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in school children in Bikaner: an echocardiographic study.

Objective: To determine prevalence of rheumatic heart disease (RHD) using clinical and echocardiographic criteria and to study influence of socioeconomic status (SES) we studied school children in a north-western Indian town.

Methods: 3292 school children, age range 5-14 years, in two private schools, ten middle SES government schools and six low SES government schools were invited to participate in the study. 3002 (1837 boys, 1165 girls) were clinically examined (response 91%) of which 1042 were in private schools, 1002 in middle SES schools and 958 in low SES schools.

Malarial hepatitis.

Aims And Objective: To study the clinical, biochemical and histopathological changes in the liver of patients of Plasmodium falciparum malaria with jaundice.

Material And Method: This study was conducted on 50 PBF confirmed cases of Plasmodium falciparum malaria with jaundice. Detailed history, clinical examination, biochemical parameters for liver function test and blood for hepatitis B and C was done in all patients.