Arginylation in a Partially Purified Fraction of 150 k xg Supernatants of Axoplasm and Injured Vertebrate Nerves.

Transfer RNA-mediated posttranslational protein modification by arginine has been demonstrated in vitro in axoplasm extruded from the giant axons of squid and in injured and regenerating vertebrate nerves. In nerve and axoplasm, the highest activity is found in a fraction of a 150,000 g supernatant containing high molecular weight protein/RNA complexes but lacking molecules of <5 kDa. Arginylation (and protein modification by other amino acids) is not found in more purified, reconstituted fractions.

Isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stem cells in orthopaedics and the emergence of compact bone mesenchymal stem cells as a promising surgical adjunct.

The potential clinical and economic impact of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy is immense. MSCs act through multiple pathways: (1) as "trophic" cells, secreting various factors that are immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, proangiogenic, proliferative, and chemoattractive; (2) in conjunction with cells native to the tissue they reside in to enhance differentiation of surrounding cells to facilitate tissue regrowth. Researchers have developed methods for the extraction and expansion of MSCs from animal and human tissues.

Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Immune-Mediated Diseases.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that can self-renew and differentiate into cells of all germ layers. MSCs can be easily attracted to the site of tissue insult with high levels of inflammatory mediators. The general ability of MSCs to migrate at the sites of tissue injury suggested an innate ability for these cells to be involved in baseline tissue repair.

Enzyme-Free Isolation of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a population of multipotent cells that can be isolated from various adult and fetal tissues, including adipose tissue. These cells contain enormous clinical and basic research appeal due to their plasticity to differentiate into cells of all germ layers in vitro, cross allogeneic barriers in vivo, and suppress inflammation. Methods to isolate adipose-derived MSCs (ADSCs) primarily rely on enzymatic digestion of the adipose tissue using harsh enzymes such as collagenase.

Methods of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Homing to the Blood-Brain Barrier.

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are multipotent cells that can be isolated from adult and fetal tissues. In vitro, MSCs show functional plasticity by differentiating into specialized cells of all germ layers. MSCs are of relevant to medicine and have been proposed for several disorders.

Human Aging and Cancer: Role of miRNA in Tumor Microenvironment.

Human aging is an inevitable and complex phenomenon characterized by a progressive, gradual degradation of physiological and cellular processes that leads from vulnerability to death. Mammalian somatic cells display limited proliferative properties in vitro that results in a process of permanent cell cycle arrest commonly known as senescence. Events leading to cellular senescence are complex but may be due to the increase in tumor suppressor genes, caused by lifetime somatic mutations.

Constitutive Expression of Inducible Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Early Repressor (ICER) in Cycling Quiescent Hematopoietic Cells: Implications for Aging Hematopoietic Stem Cells.

Despite extensive insights on the interaction between hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and the supporting bone marrow (BM) stroma in hematopoietic homeostasis there remains unanswered questions on HSC regulation. We report on the mechanism by which HSCs attain cycling quiescence by addressing a role for inducible cyclic AMP early repressor (ICER). ICER negatively transcriptional regulators of cAMP activators such as CREM and CREB.

Arginylation in a Partially Purified Fraction of 150k × g Supernatants of Axoplasm and Injured Vertebrate Nerves.

Transfer RNA-mediated posttranslational protein modification by arginine has been demonstrated in vitro in axoplasm extruded from the giant axons of squid and in injured and regenerating vertebrate nerves. In nerve and axoplasm, the highest activity is found in a fraction of a 150,000 × g supernatant containing high molecular weight protein/RNA complexes but lacking molecules of <5 kDa. Arginylation (and protein modification by other amino acids) is not found in more purified, reconstituted fractions.

Stem cell delivery of therapies for brain disorders.

The blood brain barrier (BBB) poses a problem to deliver drugs for brain malignancies and neurodegenerative disorders. Stem cells such as neural stem cells (NSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be used to delivery drugs or RNA to the brain. This use of methods to bypass the hurdles of delivering drugs across the BBB is particularly important for diseases with poor prognosis such as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM).