A systematic review of long-term complications of mechanical tubal occlusion.

Objectives: To collate the available evidence of the rare but identified late complications of mechanical tubal occlusion. The primary objective is to describe the nature of these longer-term acute presentations. Secondary objectives are: 1) to delineate their aetiology, 2) characterise imaging findings and 3) identify successful management options.

Urothelial cancer: a narrative review of the role of novel immunotherapeutic agents with particular reference to the management of non-muscle-invasive disease.

Aim: This narrative review describes current guidelines for treating NMIBC, provides an overview of the principle behind immune checkpoint inhibition, and summarizes current evidence for checkpoint inhibitors in urothelial malignancy. Further, we discuss potential strategies for immune checkpoint inhibition in the management of NMIBC.

Background: Adjuvant intravesical BCG immunotherapy has been the mainstay of treatment for high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) for decades but is associated with both a significant side effect profile and failure rate.

A recurrent central giant cell granuloma in a young patient and orthodontic treatment: a case report.

Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is an uncommon benign intraosseous lesion of the jaw, found predominantly in children and young adults below 30 years of age. The purpose of this article was to present a summary of the current literature and a case report of an 11-year-old boy diagnosed with an aggressive CGCG involving the anterior maxilla that was removed in 2004 and subsequently recurred almost 3 years later in 2006. The presenting features of the patient and the effect of combined surgical and orthodontic treatment for this condition are discussed.

Tests and investigations for colorectal cancer screening.

Worldwide, colorectal (CRC) is the third most common form of cancer, after lung and breast cancer, and the fourth most common cause of cancer death, although in developed countries CRC incidence is higher and it accounts for an even higher proportion of cancer deaths. Successful treatment of early-stage CRC confers substantial survival advantage, and there is now overwhelming evidence that screening average-risk individuals for CRC reduces the incidence and disease-specific mortality. In spite of considerable research for new biomarkers for CRC, the detection of blood in faeces remains the most effective screening tool.