Involvement of community paediatricians in the care of children and young people with mental health difficulties in the UK: implications for case ascertainment by child and adolescent psychiatric, and paediatric surveillance systems.

Objective: To ascertain the extent to which community paediatricians are involved in the care of children with mental health conditions in order to determine which difficulties are appropriate for single or joint surveillance by the British Paediatric Surveillance Unit (BPSU) and Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Surveillance System (CAPSS).

Design: An online survey of the 1120 members of the British Association of Community Child Health (BACCH) working in 169 Community Child Health (CCH) services in the UK.

Results: A total of 245 community paediatricians responded to the survey.

Searching for the true attrition rate of UK paediatric trainees.

Objective: To quantitatively analyse the number of doctors leaving the paediatric specialty training (ST) programme in the UK, to assist with evidence-based workforce planning.

Design: Data were sought on those leaving the UK paediatrics training programme between 2014 and 2019 from Heads of Schools of Paediatrics and Freedom of Information Act requests.

Setting: Retrospective data analysis.

Systematic review of reviews of symptoms and signs of COVID-19 in children and adolescents.

Objective: To undertake a systematic review of reviews of the prevalence of symptoms and signs of COVID-19 in those aged under 20 years.

Design: Narrative systematic review of reviews. PubMed, medRxiv, Europe PMC and COVID-19 Living Evidence Database were searched on 9 October 2020.

Completion of paediatric training: trends across 2011-2017 cohorts.

Objective: To determine trends in the demographics and destinations of doctors who have recently completed paediatric training in the UK.

Design: A survey was sent to all new paediatric certificate holders 1 year on from completing specialty training every year from 2011 to 2017.

Setting: Retrospective survey.

START - evaluating a novel assessment of consultant readiness in paediatrics: The entry not the exit.

The Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH) incepted a new end-of-training assessment in 2012, known as START, the Speciality Trainee Assessment of Readiness for Tenure [as a Consultant]. It is a novel, formative, multi-scenario, OSCE-style, out-of-workplace assessment using unseen scenarios with generic, external assessors undertaken in the trainees' penultimate training year. This study considers whether this assessment assists in preparing senior paediatric trainees for consultant working.

Medical student satisfaction and confidence in simulation-based learning in Rwanda - Pre and post-simulation survey research.

Introduction: Simulation-based learning (SBL) has been shown to effectively improve medical knowledge, procedural proficiency, comfort with undertaking taught tasks, inter-professional communication, teamwork and teaching skills. This study aimed to evaluate Rwandan medical students' attitudes, satisfaction and confidence level with SBL.

Methods: Fifth year medical students at the University of Rwanda were given a short course on paediatric acute care using simulation.

Getting health services right for 16-25 year-olds.

The 2019 NHS England Long Term Plan set out the ambition to work across the 0-25 age range to support children and young people as they make the transition to early adulthood. Within this broad age bracket, how do we ensure we get health services right for 16-25 year-olds including the transfer to adult services? In this paper, we explore the evidence supporting youth-friendly and developmentally appropriate healthcare approaches and what these mean in practice for young people and healthcare professionals. Examples from primary and secondary care, as well as the perspectives of a young person, illustrate the challenges and solutions.

Healthcare access for children and families on the move and migrants.

Background: The United Kingdom (UK) National Health Service (NHS) charging regulations have increasingly restricted migrants' healthcare access, in the context of a wider national policy shift over the past few years intending to create a 'hostile environment' for migrants. With an estimated 144 000 undocumented children living in the UK and increasing public concern that these regulations are negatively impacting migrant health and well-being, as well as contravening international child rights agreements, it has become imperative to understand their implications.

Methods: A mixed methods digital survey, covering attitudes towards and understanding of UK healthcare charging, and giving space for relevant case submission, was disseminated through communications channels of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH) to their members.

Color constancy and color term knowledge are positively related during early childhood.

The ability to keep perception constant despite environmental changes of illumination, viewing angle, or distance is a key feature of perception. Here, we investigated how "perceptual constancy" relates to language learning by investigating the relationship between color constancy and color term knowledge in 3- and 4-year-old children. We used a novel method to test color constancy where children are required to match colored stimuli under different illuminations.

Coronavirus in pregnancy and delivery: rapid review.

Objectives: There are limited case series reporting the impact on women affected by coronavirus during pregnancy. In women affected by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), the case fatality rate appears higher in those affected in pregnancy compared with non-pregnant women. We conducted a rapid review to guide health policy and management of women affected by COVID-19 during pregnancy, which was used to develop the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists' (RCOG) guidelines on COVID-19 infection in pregnancy.

Nurse-led implementation of ETAT+ is associated with reduced mortality in a children's hospital in Freetown, Sierra Leone.

Background: In the wake of the Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic in Sierra Leone, secondary care facilities faced an increase in admissions with few members of medical staff available to assess and treat patients. This led to long waiting times in hospital outpatient departments. The study was undertaken in the outpatient department of Ola During Children's Hospital (the tertiary paediatric hospital for Sierra Leone) in the period immediately following the EVD epidemic of 2014-2015.

Nutritional rickets under 16 years: UK surveillance results.

Objective: The UK national incidence of nutritional rickets is unknown. We aimed to describe the incidence, presentation and clinical management of children under 16 years with nutritional rickets in the UK presenting to secondary care.

Methods: Prospective data were collected monthly between March 2015 and March 2017 from 3500 consultant paediatricians using British Paediatric Surveillance Unit methodology.

Factors predicting poor glycemic control in the first two years of childhood onset type 1 diabetes in a cohort from East London, UK: Analyses using mixed effects fractional polynomial models.

Background/objective: Poor early glycemic control in childhood onset type 1 diabetes (T1D) is associated with future risk of acute and chronic complications. Our aim was to identify the predictors of higher glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) within 24 months of T1D diagnosis in children and adolescents.

Methods: Mixed effects models with fractional polynomials were used to analyze longitudinal data of patients <19 years of age, followed from T1D diagnosis for up to 2 years, at three diabetes clinics in East London, United Kingdom.

Blast injuries in children: a mixed-methods narrative review.

Background And Significance: Blast injuries arising from high explosive weaponry is common in conflict areas. While blast injury characteristics are well recognised in the adults, there is a lack of consensus as to whether these characteristics translate to the paediatric population. Understanding blast injury patterns in this cohort is essential for providing appropriate provision of services and care for this vulnerable cohort.

How to measure the need for transition to adult services among young people with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): a comparison of surveillance versus case note review methods.

Background: Health services have not provided adequate support for young people with long term health conditions to transfer from child to adult services. National Institute of Health and Care (NICE) guidance on transition has been issued to address these gaps. However, data are often sparse about the number of young adults who might need to transition.

What topics should we teach the parents of admitted neonates in the newborn care unit in the resource-limited setting - a Delphi study.

Background: In resource-limited settings, such as Rwanda, health care profession (HCP) to neonate ratios are low, and therefore caregivers play a significant role in providing care for their admitted neonates. To provide such Family Integrated Care, caregivers need knowledge, skills, and confidence. The objective of this study was to identify consensus from key stakeholders regarding the priority topics for a "parental neonatal curriculum.

Using a Global Health Media Project Video to Increase Knowledge and Confidence in the Mothers of Admitted Neonates in Rwanda: A Prospective Interventional Study.

Introduction: In resource-limited settings, the ratio of trained health care professionals to admitted neonates is low. Parents therefore, frequently need to provide primary neonatal care. In order to do so safely, they require effective education and confidence.