Ancient genomics support deep divergence between Eastern and Western Mediterranean Indo-European languages.

The Indo-European languages are among the most widely spoken in the world, yet their early diversification remains contentious. It is widely accepted that the spread of this language family across Europe from the 5th millennium BP correlates with the expansion and diversification of steppe-related genetic ancestry from the onset of the Bronze Age. However, multiple steppe-derived populations co-existed in Europe during this period, and it remains unclear how these populations diverged and which provided the demographic channels for the ancestral forms of the Italic, Celtic, Greek, and Armenian languages.

'Mixed blessings': parental religiousness, parenting, and child adjustment in global perspective.

Background: Most studies of the effects of parental religiousness on parenting and child development focus on a particular religion or cultural group, which limits generalizations that can be made about the effects of parental religiousness on family life.

Methods: We assessed the associations among parental religiousness, parenting, and children's adjustment in a 3-year longitudinal investigation of 1,198 families from nine countries. We included four religions (Catholicism, Protestantism, Buddhism, and Islam) plus unaffiliated parents, two positive (efficacy and warmth) and two negative (control and rejection) parenting practices, and two positive (social competence and school performance) and two negative (internalizing and externalizing) child outcomes.

Oral Administration of Forskolin, Homotaurine, Carnosine, and Folic Acid in Patients with Primary Open Angle Glaucoma: Changes in Intraocular Pressure, Pattern Electroretinogram Amplitude, and Foveal Sensitivity.

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of a food supplement containing forskolin, homotaurine, carnosine, folic acid, vitamins B1, B2, B6, and magnesium in patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) already in treatment and compensated by intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering drugs, during a period of 12 months.

Methods: Twenty-two patients (44 eyes) with POAG, with their IOP compensated by topical drugs, were enrolled and randomly assigned to the food supplement or control treatment group. The additional food supplement treatment consisted of 2 tablets per day (1 in the morning, 1 in the evening) given for 1 year of a balanced association of homotaurine, Coleus forskohlii root extract, L-carnosine, folic acid, vitamins B1, B2, B6, and magnesium.

Hostile attributional bias and aggressive behavior in global context.

We tested a model that children's tendency to attribute hostile intent to others in response to provocation is a key psychological process that statistically accounts for individual differences in reactive aggressive behavior and that this mechanism contributes to global group differences in children's chronic aggressive behavior problems. Participants were 1,299 children (mean age at year 1 = 8.3 y; 51% girls) from 12 diverse ecological-context groups in nine countries worldwide, followed across 4 y.

Hyper/hypoglycemia and acute kidney injury in critically ill patients.

Background & Aims: Abnormalities of blood glucose (BG) concentration (hyper- and hypoglycemia), now referred to with the cumulative term of dysglycemia, are frequently observed in critically ill patients, and significantly affect their clinical outcome. Acute kidney injury (AKI) may further complicate glycemic control in the same clinical setting. This narrative review was aimed at describing the pathogenesis of hyper- and hypoglycemia in the intensive care unit (ICU), with special regard to patients with AKI.

A revision of hominin fossil teeth from Fontana Ranuccio (Middle Pleistocene, Anagni, Frosinone, Italy).

The Fontana Ranuccio hominin teeth (FR, Latium, Italy) are dated to the Middle Pleistocene. In previous studies these teeth were classified as two lower (left and right) second molars, one lower left central incisor and a badly worn incisor crown, the exact position of which could not be determined. In 2012 these remains were acquired by the Anthropological Service of S.

A longitudinal examination of mothers' and fathers' social information processing biases and harsh discipline in nine countries.

This study examined whether parents' social information processing was related to their subsequent reports of their harsh discipline. Interviews were conducted with mothers (n = 1,277) and fathers (n = 1,030) of children in 1,297 families in nine countries (China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States), initially when children were 7 to 9 years old and again 1 year later. Structural equation models showed that parents' positive evaluations of aggressive responses to hypothetical childrearing vignettes at Time 1 predicted parents' self-reported harsh physical and nonphysical discipline at Time 2.

A new, very sensitive method of assessment of ptaquiloside, the major bracken carcinogen in the milk of farm animals.

We describe a new method to detect trace levels of ptaquiloside (Pta), a major carcinogen of bracken fern in biological samples such as milk from farm animals. The method involves the absorption of analyte on carbograph followed by elution with solvents mixtures. The unstable analyte is then converted into Br-Pt (II), which is specific for Pta, as it is not a natural decay product of the glycoside in aqueous media.

Influence of amine fluoride/stannous fluoride mouthwashes with and without chlorhexidine on secretion of proinflammatory molecules by peri-implant crevicular fluid cells.

Aim: Patients with dental implants need optimal plaque control. Peri-implantitis is an inflammation of soft and hard tissues around implants characterized by bone loss mediated by proinflammatory molecules such as IL-1beta, PGE(2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of amine fluoride/stannous fluoride (AmF-SnF(2)) vs chlorhexidine 0.

Optimisation of a photochemical sensor for total organic carbon measurement.

A new tool for the measurement of TOC based on the heterogeneous photocatalysis activated by two different light sources has been planned. The instrument is constituted by a cell where the degradation occurs thanks to both the UV irradiation and the presence of a powered catalyst and by a measurement cell lodging CO2 gas permeable membrane electrode (detector), thermometer, inlet and outlet ways for the samples. One of the sources has a maximum emission at 254nm, while the other simulates the solar spectrum.

The Global Campaign (GC) to Reduce the Burden of Headache Worldwide. The International Team for Specialist Education (ITSE).

The social perception of headache, everywhere at low levels in industrialised countries, becomes totally absent in developing ones. Headache disorders came into the World Health Organization's strategic priorities after publication of the 2001 World Health Report. Among the leading causes of disability, migraine was ranked 19th for adults of both sexes together and 12th for females.

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 polymorphism 49 (A>G) and migraine.

Migraine without aura (MO) and migraine with aura (MA) are disorders involving multiple environmental and genetic factors. The A/G polymorphism located within exon 1 of the gene encoding the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is associated with several HLA-associated multifactorial diseases. The CTLA-4 family shows a negative control on T-cell proliferation and cytokine production (TNF-alpha and IL-10).

Spinal arachnoiditis ossificans: report of three cases.

Objective And Importance: Although the clinical and histological features of the pathological entity of spinal arachnoiditis ossificans (AO) have been established for some time, less attention has been paid to the treatment. We propose a classification of spinal AO evaluating the possibilities and indications for surgical or conservative treatment.

Clinical Presentation: Type III has a lumbar localization, presents with less neurological involvement, and usually requires conservative treatment.

Spinal subarachnoid hematomas: our experience and literature review.

Study Design: Spinal subarachnoid hematomas are unusual and difficult to diagnose and the outcome of treatment is influenced by the lesions that frequently accompany them.

Objectives: To clarify the neuroradiological diagnostic aspects of spinal subarachnoid hematoma as well as the results of treatment.

Background: Only recently has subarachnoid hematoma been clearly distinguished from more common subarachnoid hemorrhage and its characteristics have still not been dealt with in detail.

Preoperative evaluation of ovarian masses: ultrasound and biochemical screening.

Objective: The preoperative study of an ovarian mass, with a negative dosage of plasmatic BhCG, mainly has the purpose of discriminating between a benign neoplastic mass and a malignant mass. The aim of our work was to evaluate the validity of preoperative screening including a pelvic ultrasound examination and the dosage of some plasmatic tumor markers.

Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted on 78 patients who were referred to the III Division of the Department of Gynaecological Sciences, Perinatology and Puericulture of Rome University "La Sapienza" from January 1st 2001 to December 31st 2001 with a diagnosis of ovarian tumefaction whose origin was still to be determined.

[Prevalence of infections by hepatitis A, B, C and E viruses in two different socioeconomic groups of children from Santa Cruz, Bolivia].

Background And Objectives: The epidemiology of hepatitis A, E, B and C was analyzed in 1,393 children living in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. They were distributed in two groups according to the social condition.

Materials And Method: 1,393 children were selected from two different schools: one attended by children belonging to a high social class of the town (group A), and the other school attended by children belonging to the poorest social class (group B).

Chemometric investigation of the efficiency of different TiO(2)-based catalysts as principal components of TOC photochemical sensors under development.

There is an increasing demand for measurement of organic carbon in solutions both in industry and in environmental research for the purpose of continuous water-quality monitoring. Practically all the methods used are based on a catalytic system in which metal oxides play a major role. The development of a new TOC/DOC measurement system, in our work, uses a mixed anatase-rutile form of TiO(2 )as catalyst of the mineralisation process, and direct measurement of the CO(2) produced, by a gaseous diffusion electrode.

Influence of a low background radiation environment on biochemical and biological responses in V79 cells.

We present the results of an experiment aimed at comparing the effects of different background radiation environments on metabolism and responses to gamma-rays and cycloheximide of cultured mammalian cells. Chinese hamster V79 cells were maintained in exponential growth in parallel for up to 9 months at the Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS) and at the INFN-Gran Sasso underground Laboratory (LNGS) where exposure due to gamma-rays and to radon was reduced by factors of about 70 and 25, respectively. After 9 months the cells grown at the LNGS (cumulative gamma dose about 30 microGy, average radon concentration around 5 Bq/m(3)), compared to the cells grown at the ISS (cumulative gamma-ray dose about 2 mGy, average radon concentration around 120 Bq/m(3)), exhibited i).

A plant histaminase modulates cardiac anaphylactic response in guinea pig.

The effect of a copper amine oxidase (histaminase) purified from the pea seedling as free or immobilized enzyme on the response to specific antigen was studied in isolated hearts from actively sensitized guinea pigs. In vitro challenge with the specific antigen of hearts from actively sensitized animals evokes a positive inotropic and chronotropic effect, a coronary constriction, followed by dilation and an increase in the amount of histamine and nitrites, the oxidation product of nitric oxide, in the perfusates. In the presence of both forms of histaminases, the positive inotropic and chronotropic responses as well as the coronary constriction and the release of histamine were fully blocked.

Ondansetron inhibits the analgesic effects of tramadol: a possible 5-HT(3) spinal receptor involvement in acute pain in humans.

Unlabelled: To investigate a possible antinociceptive role of serotonin receptor subtype 3 (5-HT(3)), we evaluated the effects of a coadministration of ondansetron, a 5-HT(3) selective antagonist, and tramadol, a central analgesic dependent on enhanced serotonergic transmission. Fifty-nine patients undergoing ear, throat, and nose surgery, using tramadol for 24-h postoperative patient-controlled analgesia (bolus = 30 mg; lockout interval = 10 min) were randomly allocated either to a group receiving ondansetron continuous infusion (1 mg. mL(-1).

Thermoluminescent (TL) properties of the perovskite KMgF3 activated by Ce and Er impurities.

The perovskites are very interesting for their thermoluminescent properties and for their possible application as thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD). In this paper we present results concerning the main dosimetric properties of KMgF3 activated by Ce and Er at various concentrations, i.e.

Sonography in the study of metatarsalgia.

Objective: To identify sonographically the changes of the forefoot in patients with metatarsalgia.

Methods: Sonography of the foot was performed in 112 patients with metatarsalgia and in 50 healthy controls. Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints, intermetatarsal web spaces, flexor and extensor tendons, and plantar aponeurosis were examined.

Diagnosis and treatment of Barrett's oesophagus. A general survey.

Barrett's oesophagus is an acquired condition with columnar metaplasia of the distal oesophagus. This condition represents the most serious consequence of chronic gastro-oesophageal reflux as it is associated with an increased incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Since the exact pathophysiology is not known, prevention is not possible.

Conditions for anomalous acousto-optical diffraction by backward propagating acoustic waves.

Experimental evidence is given of acoustic plate waves, whose group velocity is contradirected with respect to the phase velocity, through a determination of the acoustic wavelength dependence on frequency, in a limited range of frequencies. The dependence dLambda/dOmega>0 between wavelength and frequency is experimentally verified, as the required condition for acousto-optical diffraction, where higher frequency components would scatter light into smaller diffraction angles.