A review of the historical use of sex as a biological variable in the .

Despite National Institute of Health (NIH) mandates requiring sex as a biological variable (SABV), female underrepresentation persists in research, driving the to publish SABV expectations in 2021. To determine progress within the , this mini-review evaluated SABV during the first 6 mo of each decade from 1980 to 2020, and 2019, to mitigate pandemic influence. Of the 1,205 articles published, 1,087 articles were included in this review (articles without original research subjects were excluded), of which 72.

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and risk of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective cohort study.

Background: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDPs) have been associated with respiratory dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum. In this study, we explored the associations between HDPs (gestational hypertension and preeclampsia) and the risk of incident asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) during adulthood and the potential mediating role of chronic hypertension.

Methods: We included parous nurses in the Nurses' Health Study II reporting a pregnancy lasting no less than 6 months.

Subacromial Balloon Placement Demonstrates No Advantage Over Debridement in the Treatment of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: A Dual-Armed Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Over 1000 Patients.

Background: In recent years, the placement of a subacromial balloon (SAB) spacer has emerged as a treatment option for massive irreparable rotator cuff tears (MIRCTs); however, there is significant controversy regarding its utility in comparison with other surgical interventions.

Purpose: To compare outcomes after SAB spacer placement versus arthroscopic debridement for MIRCTs.

Study Design: Dual-armed systematic review and meta-analysis (level IV evidence).

Variable body and tissue weight reporting in preclinical cachexia literature may alter study outcomes and interpretation.

Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome of body weight loss, muscle wasting and progressive functional decline, affecting many advanced cancer patients and leading to worsened clinical outcomes. Despite inherent limitations of many preclinical cachexia models, including large tumor burden, rapid tumor growth and young age of animals, these animal models are widely used and imperative for the study of cachexia mechanisms and experimental therapeutics. However, there are currently no guidelines for the reporting and representation of data in preclinical cachexia literature.

Core body temperature changes before sleep are associated with nocturnal heart rate variability.

Core body temperature (CBT) reductions occur before and during the sleep period, with the extent of presleep reductions corresponding to sleep onset and quality. Presleep reductions in CBT coincide with increased cardiac parasympathetic activity measured via heart rate variability (HRV), and while this appears to persist into the sleep period, individual differences in presleep CBT decline and nocturnal HRV remain unexplored. The purpose of the current study was to assess the relationship between individual differences in presleep CBT reductions and nocturnal heart rate (HR) and HRV in a population of 15 objectively poor sleeping adults [10 males, 5 females; age, 33 ± 4 yr; body mass index (BMI) 27 ± 1 kg/m] with the hypothesis that blunted CBT rate of decline would be associated with elevated HR and reduced nocturnal HRV.

Ten-Year Cardiovascular Disease Risk Score and Cognitive Function Among Older Adults: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011 to 2014.

Background The Framingham 10-year cardiovascular disease risk score, which is based on age, sex, smoking, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, blood pressure, and diabetes, has been found to be associated with cognitive health, but these findings have not been validated in a representative sample in the United States. We aimed to examine the associations of Framingham risk score with cognitive function among older adults in a nationally representative sample, as well as by race or ethnicity, education, and family income. Methods and Results A total of 2254 older adults ≥60 years (57% female, 79% non-Hispanic White) in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011 to 2014 were included in the final sample for analysis.

Assessing the Efficacy of the 3R (Reframe, Reprioritize, and Reform) Communication Model to Increase HPV Vaccinations Acceptance in Ghana: Community-Based Intervention.

The study examined whether the 3R (reframe, prioritize, and reform) communication model intervention can impact parents' and adolescents' HPV vaccination acceptability. We used face-to-face methods to recruit participants from three local churches in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Participants completed pre- and post-intervention assessments based on the validated Theory of Planned Behavior survey.

The intratumor microbiome is associated with microsatellite instability.

Intratumoral microbes may have multifunctional roles in carcinogenesis. Microsatellite instability (MSI) is associated with higher tumor immunity and mutational burden. Using whole transcriptome and whole genome sequencing microbial abundance data, we investigated associations of intratumoral microbes with MSI, survival, and MSI-relevant tumor molecular characteristics across multiple cancer types including colorectal cancer (CRC), stomach adenocarcinoma, and endometrial carcinoma.

Sleep Apnea and Substance Use Disorders Associated with Co-Occurrence of Anxiety Disorder and Depression among U.S. Adults: Findings from the NSDUH 2008-2014.

Few studies have focused on sleep apnea and substance use disorders with co-occurrence of anxiety disorder and depression. This study included a total of 270,227 adults, 9268 with co-occurrence of anxiety disorder and depression in the past year, from the combined 2008-2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) data, which are the latest datasets with measures of anxiety disorder and sleep apnea. Weighted multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the associations between anxiety disorder and depression and their co-occurrence.

Intervention to Increase Cervical Cancer Screening Behavior among Medically Underserved Women: Effectiveness of 3R Communication Model.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) self-sampling has the potential to increase Cervical Cancer Screening (CCS) and reduce the cervical cancer burden in Medically Underserved Women (MUW). However, interventions promoting self-sampling are limited. We examined the effectiveness of an intervention study in increasing CCS among MUW.

Does reducing out-of-pocket costs for children's surgical care protect families from poverty in Somaliland? A cross-sectional, national, economic evaluation modelling study.

Objectives: An estimated 1.7 billion children around the world do not have access to safe, affordable and timely surgical care, with the financing through out-of-pocket (OOP) expenses being one of the main barriers to care. Our study modelled the impact of reducing OOP costs related to surgical care for children in Somaliland on the risk of catastrophic expenditures and impoverishment.

Leisure time physical activity and bone mineral density preservation during the menopause transition and postmenopause: a longitudinal cohort analysis from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN).

Background: Whether greater leisure time physical activity (LTPA) is associated with less bone mineral density (BMD) loss during the menopause transition (MT) remains an open question. We hypothesized that: 1) larger increases in LTPA from pre-/early perimenopause (period 1) to late perimenopause/postmenopause (period 2) would be associated with a slower period 2 BMD loss rate; and 2) greater entire-study LTPA levels would be associated with better final absolute BMD (g/cm).

Methods: Data were from of the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (1996-2017).

Food insecurity disparities and impact on academic and social experiences among college students at a large public university.

This research seeks to understand food insecurity experiences among students at a large public university in the southern United States. Participants consented and completed an online survey disseminated on campus in April-May 2021 (N = 418). The participants sampled were predominantly undergraduate (78.

Challenges with pediatric surgical financing and universal health coverage in Guatemala: A qualitative analysis.

The financing of surgical care for children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) remains challenging and may restrict adherence to universal health coverage (UHC) frameworks. Our aims were to describe Guatemala's national pediatric surgical financing structure, to identify financing challenges, and to develop recommendations to improve the financing of surgical care for children. We conducted a qualitative study of the financing of surgical care for children in Guatemala's public health system with key informant interviews (n = 20) with experts in the medical, financial, and political health sectors.

Neuromuscular and Muscle Tissue Hemodynamic Responses When Exposed to Normobaric Hypoxia during Lower-Body Fatiguing Muscle Actions.

Objectives: This study examined effects of acute hypoxia on the neuromuscular responses (electromyographic (EMG) amplitude and EMG frequency) and localized muscle tissue oxygenated hemoglobin (oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxy), deoxygenated hemoglobin (Deoxy), total hemoglobin (Total), and muscle tissue oxygenation saturation (StO) during the process of fatigue.

Methods: Fifteen male participants (21.4±2.

Enhancing motor screening efficiency: Toward an empirically derived abridged version of the Alberta Infant Motor Scale.

Use of machine learning (ML) in the early detection of developmental delay is possible through the analysis of infant motor skills, though the large number of potential indicators limits the speed at which the system can be trained. Body joint obstructions, the inability to infer aspects of movement such as muscle tone and volition, and the complexities of the home environment - confound machine learning's ability to distinguish between some motor items. To train the system efficiently requires using an excerpted list of validated items, a salient set, which uses only those motor items that are the 'easiest' to see and identify, while being the most highly correlated to a low/qualifying score.

Blood pressure and muscle sympathetic nerve activity are associated with trait anxiety in humans.

Chronic anxiety is prevalent and associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Prior studies that have reported a relationship between muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) and anxiety have focused on participants with anxiety disorders and/or metabolic syndrome. The present study leverages a large cohort of healthy adults devoid of cardiometabolic disorders to examine the hypothesis that trait anxiety severity is positively associated with resting MSNA and blood pressure.

Longitudinal body weight dynamics in relation to cognitive decline over two decades: A prospective cohort study.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the associations of body weight change (BWC) and body weight variability (BWV) with changes in cognitive function.

Methods: In 10,340 Health and Retirement Study participants (mean age: 68.0 years), body weight was reported biennially from 1993/1994 to 2016, and cognitive function was measured biennially from 1998 to 2016.

Effect of Admission and Discharge Times on Hospital Mortality in Patients With Sepsis.

Objectives: To assess whether the time of admission/discharge time from the ICU and weekend admission are independently associated with hospital mortality in critically ill patients with sepsis.

Design: Retrospective study. Each 24-hour period (08:00 to 07:59 hr) was split into three time periods, defined as "day" (08:00 to 16:59 hr), "evening" (17:00 to 23:59 hr), and "night" (00:00 to 07:59 hr).

Factors and perceptions associated with energy drink consumption among undergraduate students attending a rural university: a descriptive study.

This study examined the prevalence, patterns, and knowledge of Energy Drink (ED) consumption among undergraduate students. Participants included students (n = 373) attending a medium-sized rural university in Texas. Students were surveyed anonymously using convenience sampling and a cross-sectional design with 15 items structured questionnaire.

Birth weight and long-term risk of mortality among US men and women: Results from three prospective cohort studies.

Background: Weight at birth has been associated with the development of various adult diseases, but its association with mortality remains unclear.

Methods: We included 22,389 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1994-2018) and 162,231 women from the Nurses' Health Study (1992-2018) and the Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2019). The hazard ratios (HRs) of mortality according to birth weight were estimated by Cox proportional hazards regression models with adjustment for potential confounders.