Comparison of clinical and abdominal CT imaging findings in children evaluated for abusive and accidental abdominal trauma.

Background: Diagnosis of child abuse in children evaluated for a blunt abdominal trauma can be challenging due to overlapping types of injuries.

Objective: Identify clinical characteristics and CT findings that differentiate children evaluated for accidental abdominal trauma (AcAT) and abusive abdominal trauma (AbAT).

Materials And Methods: Retrospective (1/2010 to 6/2024) study on children < 3 years-old who had an abdominal CT scan for AcAT or AbAT.

Care of the Child Perinatally Exposed to Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

Substantial progress in preventing vertical human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission has led to a dramatic decline in new pediatric HIV infections. Alongside this success, a growing population of children who are HIV-exposed but uninfected face unique health challenges due to a variety of risk factors. Recommendations for healthcare providers caring for this population include optimizing and integrating general and HIV-related care for both mother and child through comprehensive care packages.

Prenatal hydrocolpos: imaging findings and differential diagnosis.

Prenatal hydrocolpos is characterized by fluid distension of the vagina. Hydrocolpos can be caused by multiple underlying etiologies and often demonstrates overlapping imaging features compared to other cystic abdominal and pelvic lesions. The purpose of the current pictorial essay is to provide a systematic prenatal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) approach to differentiating the primary etiologies leading to hydrocolpos.

Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism.

Delayed puberty is defined as absent testicular enlargement in boys or breast development in girls at an age that is 2 to 2.5 SDS later than the mean age at which these events occur in the population (traditionally, 14 years in boys and 13 years in girls). One cause of delayed/absent puberty is hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), which refers to inadequate hypothalamic/pituitary function leading to deficient production of sex steroids in males and females.

Treatment of Central Precocious Puberty with a Focus on Girls.

The age of thelarche has declined in the past few decades but not the age of menarche. This is important when assessing girls who present with breast development between 6 and 8 years because not all of them will need treatment. The decision for treatment depends on age, bone age (BA), rate of pubertal progression, height velocity, psychosocial factors, and predicted adult height (PAH), with the caveat that height predictions are not precise and BA interpretation is variable.

How far We Go For Surgery: Distance to Pediatric Surgical Care in Indiana.

Introduction: Despite increasing numbers of pediatric surgery training programs, access to pediatric surgical care remains limited in non-academic and rural settings. We aimed to characterize demographic and patient factors associated with increased distance to selected pediatric surgical procedures in Indiana.

Methods: This IRB-approved retrospective review analyzed pediatric patients undergoing appendectomy, cholecystectomy, umbilical hernia repair, pyloromyotomy, and video assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) procedures from 2019 through 2021.

Elexacaftor/Tezacaftor/Ivacaftor use in Pediatric Cystic Fibrosis Patients with Advanced Liver Disease.

Background: Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator therapy extends the life expectancy of people with cystic fibrosis (PwCF). However, CFTR modulators have not been well studied in patients with cystic fibrosis liver disease (CFLD), specifically those with advanced liver disease with portal hypertension. The purpose of this report is to describe the use of elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (ETI) in pediatric CF patients with advanced CFLD.

Parental decision regret after pediatric urologic surgeries compared to decisions of everyday life.

Introduction: Parents are at risk of decision regret (DR) for decisions affecting their children. The Decision Regret Scale (DRS) measures medical DR but lacks context outside of healthcare.

Objective: To compare parental DR 1) between common pediatric urologic surgeries and everyday decisions and 2) with preference to make a different choice.

Prevalence of sexual abuse and intimate partner violence in adults with spina bifida.

Background: People with disabilities and chronic medical conditions are known to be at higher risk of sexual abuse (SA) and intimate partner violence (IPV). People with spina bifida (SB) are vulnerable, but little is known about the prevalence of abuse in this population.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and risk factors of SA and IPV in adults with SB.

Osteopetrosis in the pediatric patient: what the radiologist needs to know.

Osteopetrosis describes several types of rare sclerosing bone dysplasias of varying clinical and radiographic severity. The classic autosomal dominant subtype emerges most often in adolescence but can present from infancy through adulthood. The autosomal recessive osteopetrosis, or "malignant infantile osteopetrosis," presents in infancy with a grimmer prognosis, though the autosomal dominant forms (often mislabeled as "benign") actually can have life-threatening consequences as well.

Rare Hematologic Malignancies and Pre-Leukemic Entities in Children and Adolescents Young Adults.

There are a variety of rare hematologic malignancies and germline predispositions syndromes that occur in children and adolescent young adults (AYAs). These entities are important to recognize, as an accurate diagnosis is essential for risk assessment, prognostication, and treatment. This descriptive review summarizes rare hematologic malignancies, myelodysplastic neoplasms, and germline predispositions syndromes that occur in children and AYAs.

Progress made toward equitable transplantation in children and young adults with kidney disease.

Racial disparities in pediatric kidney transplantation have been well described over the last two decades and include disparities in preemptive transplantation, waitlisting, time from activation to transplantation, living donation, and graft outcomes. Changes to the organ allocation system including the institution of Share 35 in 2005 and the Kidney Allocation System (KAS) of 2014 have resulted in resolution of some, but not all racial-ethnic disparities. Despite overall improvements in time from waitlist activation to transplant, disparities remain in preemptive transplantation, time to waitlisting, and living donor transplantation.

Intercalated cell function, kidney innate immunity, and urinary tract infections.

Intercalated cells (ICs) in the kidney collecting duct have a versatile role in acid-base and electrolyte regulation along with the host immune defense. Located in the terminal kidney tubule segment, ICs are among the first kidney cells to encounter bacteria when bacteria ascend from the bladder into the kidney. ICs have developed several mechanisms to combat bacterial infections of the kidneys.

Biomarkers of fibrosis and portal hypertension in Fontan-associated liver disease in children and adults.

Background: Fontan-associated liver disease (FALD) refers to structural and functional changes of the liver caused by the physiology of the Fontan palliation. Currently, liver biopsy is the gold standard to assess liver fibrosis of FALD.

Aim: Investigate biomarkers correlating with severity of liver biopsy fibrosis in FALD.

External validation of the modified sepsis renal angina index for prediction of severe acute kidney injury in children with septic shock.

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs commonly in pediatric septic shock and increases morbidity and mortality. Early identification of high-risk patients can facilitate targeted intervention to improve outcomes. We previously modified the renal angina index (RAI), a validated AKI prediction tool, to improve specificity in this population (sRAI).

Effect of the NFL's Super Bowl on emergency department visits for assault-related injuries.

Purpose: Through its associations with mass gatherings, alcohol consumption, emotional cues, and gambling, the Super Bowl (SB) has been implicated in increased rates of interpersonal violence and assaults. This study endeavors to investigate the relationship between assault-related injuries, especially intimate partner violence (IPV) and SB.

Method: A retrospective review of prospectively collected data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) spanning 2005 to 2017 was conducted.

Changes in pediatric fracture patterns presenting to US emergency departments before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the demographics of pediatric fracture patients before, during, and after the COVID pandemic using US national emergency department (ED) data. The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) data for the years 2018 through 2021 was extracted for those <16 years of age, and organized into 24 consecutive bimonthly groups. There was a decrease in the number of ED visits for fractures in 2020 and returned to pre-COVID levels by March/April of 2021, except for small hospitals which demonstrated an earlier rebound beginning in late 2020.

Transversus Abdominis Plane Block VS. Local Wound Infiltration for Elective Minimally Invasive Cholecystectomy in Children: A Prospective Randomized Trial.

Background: The efficacy of transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block versus local anesthetic wound infiltration (LWI) in pediatric laparoscopic surgery is largely unknown. The objective of this study was to prospectively analyze this in minimally invasive cholecystectomy. We hypothesized that TAP block would be superior to LWI in terms of pain control and post-operative complications.