Optical coherence tomography: implications for neurology.

Purpose Of Review: This article explores the role of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in neurology practice, particularly in diagnosing and monitoring conditions such as papilledema, optic neuritis, and retinal artery occlusion. OCT has been increasingly utilized as a noninvasive and effective tool for detecting and monitoring neuroaxonal damage in the visual pathway, which is important for early intervention and improved patient outcomes across a variety of neurologic conditions.

Recent Findings: OCT as an imaging modality continues to demonstrate its utility in quantifying optic nerve and retinal changes reflecting neuroaxonal injury, including, peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness and macular ganglion cell layer thickness (or volume).

Optic nerve sheath enhancement on orbital MRI in giant cell arteritis.

Background: Differentiating arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (A-AION) due to giant cell arteritis (GCA) from non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (NA-AION) may pose a diagnostic challenge. Our study aimed to assess the use of standard orbital MRI in distinguishing ocular manifestations of GCA from NA-AION.

Methods: This study included 25 consecutive patients (11 GCA, 14 NA-AION) who underwent contrast-enhanced orbital MRIs within 3 months of symptom onset.

Clinical Characterization and Prognostic Risk Factors of Susac Syndrome: A Retrospective Multicenter Study.

Background And Objectives: Susac syndrome (SuS) is a rare disorder characterized by encephalopathy, branch retinal artery occlusion, and sensorineural hearing loss, often accompanied by vertigo. Recent updates to diagnostic criteria and treatment guidelines have been made. This study examines clinical manifestations; disease activity; and risk factors of disability, dependency, and return to work in patients with SuS.

Brain microstructural damage through serial diffusion tensor imaging and outcomes in Susac syndrome: A prospective cohort study.

Background: Susac syndrome (SuS) is a rare immune-mediated microangiopathy with potential disabling evolution. We aimed to analyze brain microstructural damage through diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in SuS and determine its association with poor outcomes.

Method: CarESS study is a prospective multicenter national cohort study of patients with SuS.

Associations Between Retinal Vascular Occlusions and Dementia.

Background/objectives: Retinal vascular occlusions, such as retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and retinal artery occlusion (RAO), are associated with cognitive impairment, including dementia. Our objective was to examine the odds of dementia among patients with retinal vascular occlusion.

Methods: This cross-sectional study included 474 patients with retinal vascular occlusion and 948 patients without retinal vascular occlusion (comparison group).

Evaluating ChatGPT's Diagnostic Accuracy in Detecting Fundus Images.

Introduction Artificial intelligence is rapidly advancing in healthcare. Ophthalmology, with its reliance on imaging for diagnosis and management, has the potential to benefit from this technology. Deep learning models are currently used in image analysis in ophthalmology.

Utilization of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in oculoplastic surgery: A case series.

Objective: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has emerged as a versatile tool in the management of an array of medical conditions, including tissue ischemia and delayed wound healing. Despite the incorporation of HBOT in other medical fields, HBOT is not routinely utilized in the field of ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive periorbital surgery.

Design: Case series.

Automated Detection of Central Retinal Artery Occlusion Using OCT Imaging via Explainable Deep Learning.

Objective: To demonstrate the capability of a deep learning model to detect central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO), a retinal pathology with significant clinical urgency, using OCT data.

Design: Retrospective, external validation study analyzing OCT and clinical baseline data of 2 institutions via deep learning classification analysis.

Subjects: Patients presenting to the University Medical Center Tübingen and the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf in Germany.

[Retinal artery and vein occlusions].

Retinal artery and vein occlusions can both lead to significant vision loss. Vein occlusions are much more common, while visual acuity is usually more severely affected in artery occlusions. In addition to ophthalmological treatment, both types of occlusions require a multidisciplinary approach, in which cardiovascular risk management is important.

Rhino-Orbital Mucormycosis Presenting As Orbital Apex Syndrome With Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: A Rare Phenomenon.

Rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) is an opportunistic infection that has increased due to COVID-19 with the use of corticosteroids and diabetes being the most important predisposing factors. Orbital apex syndrome with central retinal artery occlusion secondary to mucormycosis is relatively rare. This case report highlights a case of a 62-year-old female with poorly controlled diabetes and a history of COVID-19 two weeks prior, who presented with acute right eye painful visual loss for three days associated with bulging of the right eye and drooping of the eyelid.

Drop and Swell: Unanticipated Corneal Edema From Netarsudil Therapy.

Neovascular glaucoma (NVG) poses significant treatment challenges, often necessitating complex medication regimens to manage intraocular pressure (IOP). This report details a 65-year-old male with NVG secondary to central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO), who developed corneal epithelial bullae as a rare side effect of topical netarsudil therapy. Despite this complication, a continued treatment led to the gradual resolution of corneal lesions while maintaining controlled IOP.

Usefulness of ocular ultrasound for monitoring acute retinal arterial ischemia.

Introduction: The ocular ultrasound spot sign negatively predicts the success of thrombolytic treatment in retinal arterial occlusions. We evaluated the presence of the spot sign in these patients.

Material And Methods: Retrospective study of patients with acute central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) or its branches (BRAO).

=Retinal ischemic perivascular lesions are associated with increased carotid artery stenotic degree.

Purpose: Retinal ischemic perivascular lesions (RIPLs) have been reported as potential biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases and stroke. We aimed to investigate the RIPLs in carotid artery stenosis (CAS) patients and their association with stenotic degree.

Methods: Patients with unilateral CAS or carotid artery occlusion were recruited.

Branch retinal artery occlusion in a young patient with Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser type 2 syndrome.

Retinal vascular occlusions are rare in young people, and any occlusion warrants an extensive clinical evaluation to establish the etiology. Cardiac malformations are a source of embolism. We present a case of atrial septal defect (ASD) in a patient with type II Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome, leading to unilateral branch retinal arterial occlusion (BRAO) in a young woman.

Combined central retinal vein occlusion and cilioretinal artery occlusion in two young patients.

We present 2 clinical cases of central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) combined with cilioretinal artery occlusion (CRAO) in young patients with no cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) or medical history of interest. An extensive etiological study with analytical and imaging tests was performed without finding relevant alterations. Finally, in the first case, the intake of 1 postcoital contraceptive pill was considered the triggering cause while, in the second case, the etiology was attributed to a previous infection by the SARS-Cov-2 virus.

Survey on the management of retinal arterial occlusions in Spain.

Objective: To determine the current status of retinal artery occlusion (RAO) management in Spain.

Material And Methods: An anonymous questionnaire of 22 questions was carried out on the Google Forms® platform between April 27 and May 28, 2023. This questionnaire was distributed via email by the Spanish Society of Retina and Vitreous and the Spanish Society of Ophthalmology.

Ocular Adverse Events Following Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection: A Self-controlled Case Series Study from the Entire Korean Population.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the risk of ocular adverse events, including retinal artery occlusion (RAO), retinal vein occlusion (RVO), noninfectious uveitis (NIU), noninfectious scleritis (NIS), optic neuritis (ON), ischemic optic neuropathy (ION), and ocular motor cranial nerve palsy (OMCNP), after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection.

Design: Population-based self-controlled case series (SCCS).

Participants: The study included patients from the entire Korean population of 52 million who experienced incident RAO, RVO, anterior NIU, nonanterior NIU, NIS, ON, ION, or OMCNP between January 1, 2021, and October 29, 2022.

Therapeutic Strategies for Retinal Artery Occlusion-A Literature Review.

Retinal artery occlusion (RAO) is an emergency condition causing acute retinal ischemia and is considered an equivalent of ischemic stroke. The occurrence of an episode of RAO is associated with significant impairment of visual functions and correlates with an increased risk of future vascular events. Although RAO requires immediate diagnosis and treatment, there are currently no clear guidelines specifying optimal management.

Integrated physiotherapy approach for susac syndrome: A comprehensive case study.

Introduction: Susac's syndrome is a rare autoimmune disorder characterised by a triad of encephalopathy (brain dysfunction), branch retinal artery occlusion (loss of vision) and sensorineural hearing loss. This study presents the case of a patient undergoing intensive physiotherapy intervention following an injury, focusing on assessments such as volume and range of motion measurements, manual muscle tests, and pain intensity evaluations using various scales.

Case Description: The patient, aged 17, initially presented with severe limitations in mobility, diagnosed with Susac syndrome.

Central retinal artery occlusion following surgery for thyroid eye disease: A case report.

Rationale: Thyroid eye disease (TED) is the most common orbital disorder in adults and significantly affects patient health. Orbital decompression surgery is an important treatment option. Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) after orbital medial wall decompression is rare in patients with TED.