The Tyrosine Phosphatase hPTPRβ Controls the Early Signals and Dopaminergic Cells Viability via the P2X Receptor.

ATP, one of the signaling molecules most commonly secreted in the nervous system and capable of stimulating multiple pathways, binds to the ionotropic purinergic receptors, in particular, the P2X receptor (P2XR) and stimulates neuronal cell death. Given this effect of purinergic receptors on the viability of dopaminergic neurons model cells and that Ras GTPases control Erk1/2-regulated mitogen-activated cell proliferation and survival, we have investigated the role of the small GTPases of the Ras superfamily, together with their regulatory and effector molecules as the potential molecular intermediates in the P2XR-regulated cell death of SN4741 dopaminergic neurons model cells. Here, we demonstrate that the neuronal response to purinergic stimulation involves the Calmodulin/RasGRF1 activation of the small GTPase Ras and Erk1/2.

Unsupervised home-based resistance training for community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Background: We aimed to summarize evidence on the safety, adherence and effectiveness of home-based resistance training (UHBRT) for improving health-related endpoints in community-dwelling older adults.

Methods: Randomized controlled trials of UHBRT in older adults (≥60yrs) were included after a systematic search (PubMed, CINAHL, PsycInfo, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) until 02/19/2021. Adverse events and adherence rates were assessed as indicators of feasibility.

Small GTPases of the Ras and Rho Families Switch on/off Signaling Pathways in Neurodegenerative Diseases.

Small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) of the Ras superfamily are key regulators of many key cellular events such as proliferation, differentiation, cell cycle regulation, migration, or apoptosis. To control these biological responses, GTPases activity is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), GTPase activating proteins (GAPs), and in some small GTPases also guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (GDIs). Moreover, small GTPases transduce signals by their downstream effector molecules.

Benefits of exercise and immunotherapy in a murine model of human non-small-cell lung carcinoma.

Background: Lung cancer has the highest incidence and mortality rate in the world. One of the most promising new cancer therapies in recent years is immunotherapy, which is based on the blockade of immune checkpoints such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). Exercise training is beneficial to maintain and improve the quality of life of cancer patients, and it might also modulate the anti-tumoral efficiency of some chemotherapeutic agents.

Safety and Effectiveness of Long-Term Exercise Interventions in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Background: Physical exercise is beneficial to reduce the risk of several conditions associated with advanced age, but to our knowledge, no previous study has examined the association of long-term exercise interventions (≥ 1 year) with the occurrence of dropouts due to health issues and mortality, or the effectiveness of physical exercise versus usual primary care interventions on health-related outcomes in older adults (≥ 65 years old).

Objective: To analyze the safety and effectiveness of long-term exercise interventions in older adults.

Methods: We conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis examining the association of long-term exercise interventions (≥ 1 year) with dropouts from the corresponding study due to health issues and mortality (primary endpoint), and the effects of these interventions on health-related outcomes (falls and fall-associated injuries, fractures, physical function, quality of life, and cognition) (secondary endpoints).

What are the effects of exercise training in childhood cancer survivors? A systematic review.

This systematic review aimed to summarize evidence on the effects of physical exercise interventions in childhood cancer survivors (CCS) who had finished anticancer therapy ≥ 1 year before the study. Relevant articles were identified in the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus (from inception to June 27, 2019). The PEDro scale was used to assess methodological quality.

Exercise Interventions and Cardiovascular Health in Childhood Cancer: A Meta-analysis.

This study analyzed the effects of physical exercise interventions on cardiovascular endpoints in childhood cancer survivors. Relevant articles were systematically searched in PubMed, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases (since inception to 11th September 2019). We performed a meta-analysis (random effects) to determine the mean difference (expressed together with 95% confidence intervals) between pre- and post-intervention values for those cardiovascular endpoints reported in more than three studies.

Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span.

Although intermittent increases in inflammation are critical for survival during physical injury and infection, recent research has revealed that certain social, environmental and lifestyle factors can promote systemic chronic inflammation (SCI) that can, in turn, lead to several diseases that collectively represent the leading causes of disability and mortality worldwide, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorders. In the present Perspective we describe the multi-level mechanisms underlying SCI and several risk factors that promote this health-damaging phenotype, including infections, physical inactivity, poor diet, environmental and industrial toxicants and psychological stress. Furthermore, we suggest potential strategies for advancing the early diagnosis, prevention and treatment of SCI.

Inhospital exercise benefits in childhood cancer: A prospective cohort study.

Childhood cancer patients are at risk of developing important adverse effects, mortality and disease relapse after treatments, which has a substantial economic impact on healthcare systems. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of supervised inhospital exercise on clinical endpoints during childhood cancer treatment. 169 children with a new diagnosis of cancer were divided into an exercise intervention (n = 68, 11 ± 4 years) or a control group (n = 101, 11 ± 3 years).

Is health status impaired in childhood cancer survivors? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: An increase in survival rates of childhood cancer is associated with long-term health issues in survivors.

Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing health status-related endpoints in childhood cancer survivors (CCS) versus controls.

Results: Eighty-six studies (n = 98,480 participants, 62% CCS) were included in the review.

Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Controlled Trials on Preoperative Physical Exercise Interventions in Patients with Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

Preoperative physical exercise protocols prior to cancer surgery increased in popularity over recent years; however, the beneficial effect of such protocols is not well established, with conflicting results reported. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the effects of different modalities or combinations of preoperative exercise interventions and/or prehabilitation multicomponent training in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after surgery on the outcomes related to functional capacity, mental wellness and medical care. We searched in OVID Embase, Pubmed, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science.

Physical Exercise Improves Function in Acutely Hospitalized Older Patients: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Objectives: To evaluate the effects of an exercise intervention on physical function, maximal muscle strength, and muscle power in very old hospitalized patients.

Design: In a randomized controlled trial, 130 hospitalized patients were allocated to an exercise intervention (n = 65) or a control group (n = 65). The intervention consisted of a multicomponent exercise training program performed during 5-7 consecutive days (2 sessions/d).

Apparent Ventricular Dysfunction in Elite Young Athletes: Another Form of Cardiac Adaptation of the Athlete's Heart.

Background: The authors previously observed that some high-performance athletes, irrespective of type of sport, can show echocardiographically determined low left ventricular ejection fractions (LVEF; <52%) together with normal heart rates and nondilated left ventricular (LV) cavities under resting conditions. The aim of this study was to determine if this phenomenon is associated with dyssynchronous motion of the interventricular septum relative to the lateral LV wall.

Methods: Results of M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography and pulsed-wave, pulsed-wave tissue, and color tissue Doppler were compared in 70 athletes (mean age, 20 ± 7 years; 77% men) with low LVEFs (<52%) participating in a wide variety of sports and a control group of 564 athletes (mean age, 22 ± 7 years; 61% men) with normal LVEFs (≥52%).

Physical exercise and Prader-Willi syndrome: A systematic review.

Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to summarize evidence on the acute responses of individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) to physical exercise, and on the effectiveness of long-term exercise interventions to improve the clinical manifestations of this syndrome.

Design/methods: Relevant articles were identified in the electronic databases PubMed, Medline, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus (from inception to December 2018). Twenty-two studies including a total of 356 patients with PWS met all inclusion criteria and were included in the review.

Epidermal growth factor receptor controls glycogen phosphorylase in T cells through small GTPases of the RAS family.

We recently uncovered a regulatory pathway of the muscle isoform of glycogen phosphorylase (PYGM) that plays an important role in regulating immune function in T cells. Here, using various enzymatic, pulldown, and immunoprecipitation assays, we describe signaling cross-talk between the small GTPases RAS and RAP1A, member of RAS oncogene family (RAP1) in human Kit 225 lymphoid cells, which, in turn, is regulated by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We found that this communication bridge is essential for glycogen phosphorylase (PYG) activation through the canonical pathway because this enzyme is inactive in the absence of adenylyl cyclase type 6 (ADCY6).

Supplements with purported effects on muscle mass and strength.

Purpose: Several supplements are purported to promote muscle hypertrophy and strength gains in healthy subjects, or to prevent muscle wasting in atrophying situations (e.g., ageing or disuse periods).

Effect of Exercise Intervention on Functional Decline in Very Elderly Patients During Acute Hospitalization: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Functional decline is prevalent among acutely hospitalized older patients. Exercise and early rehabilitation protocols applied during acute hospitalization can prevent functional and cognitive decline in older patients.

Objective: To assess the effects of an innovative multicomponent exercise intervention on the functional status of this patient population.

Exercise training in childhood cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Introduction: Physical capacity and quality of life (QoL) are typically impaired in children/adolescents with cancer. Our primary objective was to examine the effects of exercise training performed after diagnosis of any type of pediatric cancer on physical capacity-related endpoints, survival, disease relapse and adverse effects.

Methods: (a) Search and selection criteria: Systematic review in Pubmed and Web of Science (until August 2018) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of exercise interventions in children with cancer during treatment or within one year after its end.

Exercise benefits in cardiovascular disease: beyond attenuation of traditional risk factors.

Despite strong scientific evidence supporting the benefits of regular exercise for the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease (CVD), physical inactivity is highly prevalent worldwide. In addition to merely changing well-known risk factors for systemic CVD, regular exercise can also improve cardiovascular health through non-traditional mechanisms. Understanding the pathways through which exercise influences different physiological systems is important and might yield new therapeutic strategies to target pathophysiological mechanisms in CVD.

Physical strategies to prevent disuse-induced functional decline in the elderly.

Disuse situations can have serious adverse health consequences in the elderly, including mainly functional impairment with subsequent increase in the risk of falls or morbimortality. The present review provides clinicians and care givers with detailed and practical information on the feasibility and effectiveness of physical strategies that are currently available to prevent or attenuate the functional decline that occurs secondarily to disuse situations in the elderly, notably in the hospital setting. In this context, active approaches such as resistance exercises and maximal voluntary contractions, which can be performed both isometrically and dynamically, are feasible during most immobilization situations including in hospitalized old people and represent powerful tools for the prevention of muscle atrophy.

Muscle molecular adaptations to endurance exercise training are conditioned by glycogen availability: a proteomics-based analysis in the McArdle mouse model.

Key Points: Although they are unable to utilize muscle glycogen, McArdle mice adapt favourably to an individualized moderate-intensity endurance exercise training regime. Yet, they fail to reach the performance capacity of healthy mice with normal glycogen availability. There is a remarkable difference in the protein networks involved in muscle tissue adaptations to endurance exercise training in mice with and without glycogen availability.

Syncope Episodes and Blood Flow Restriction Training.

The combination of low-load resistance training [or more recently, neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)] with a moderate local blood flow restriction (BFR) is becoming a widespread training and rehabilitation method. Scientific data indicate the overall safety of BFR, at least in healthy young people. However, it has been associated with side effects, usually minor, and further research is warranted regarding the safety and efficacy of this technique, especially in clinical populations.