Impact of analytical treatment interruption on the central nervous system in a simian-HIV model.

Objective(s): Analytical treatment interruption (ATI) studies are often used to evaluate potential HIV cure strategies. This study was conducted to determine the impact of ATI on simian-HIV (SHIV) infection in the central nervous system.

Design: Animal study.

Unexpected Intradural Lumbar Disk Herniation Found During Transforaminal Endoscopic Surgery.

Background: Intradural disk herniation (IDH) is defined as the displacement of the intervertebral disk nucleus pulposus into the dural sac. In this lumbar lesion, the affected level differs from that of a traditional extradural herniation: 55% of cases occur at the level of L4-5, 16% at L3-4, and 10% at L5-S1. Upper lumbar IDH is extremely rare.

Determinants of Campylobacter infection and association with growth and enteric inflammation in children under 2 years of age in low-resource settings.

Campylobacter species infections have been associated with malnutrition and intestinal inflammation among children in low-resource settings. However, it remains unclear whether that association is specific to Campylobacter jejuni/coli. The aim of this study was to assess the association between both all Campylobacter species infections and Campylobacter jejuni/coli infections on growth and enteric inflammation in children aged 1-24 months.

Complex Class 1 Integron in a Clinical Strain From Vietnam Carrying Both and .

The co-production of MCR and carbapenemase in has been previously reported. Here, we describe a clinical strain of from Vietnam carrying both and . Whole-genome sequencing showed that the genome of this strain consists of a 4,975,832-bp chromosome and four plasmids.

Dual oxidase 1 and NADPH oxidase 2 exert favorable effects in cervical cancer patients by activating immune response.

Background: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) not only can promote cancer progression, but also they have recently emerged as mediators of the mucosal immune system. However, the roles and clinical relevance of the collective or individual NADPH oxidase (NOX) family genes in cervical cancer have not been studied.

Methods: We investigated the clinical significance of the NOX family genes using data from 307 patients with cervical cancer obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas.

Intracranial Inflammatory Pseudotumor Associated with Idiopathic Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis Mimicking Malignant Tumor or High-Grade Meningioma.

Background: Idiopathic hypertrophic pachymeningitis (IHP) is a rare clinical disease characterized by inflammatory fibrosis, which causes diffuse thickening of the dura mater. The inflammatory fibrosis will be locally invasive in nature but will be characterized by a benign histological appearance, known as an inflammatory pseudotumor. We present the case of a patient with an infiltrative lesion involving the right frontal convexity diagnosed as IHP, which had been suspected to be a malignant tumor or high-grade meningioma from the preoperative radiological findings.

Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Mosquito-Lethal Effects of Ivermectin in Combination With Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine and Primaquine in Healthy Adult Thai Subjects.

Mass administration of antimalarial drugs and ivermectin are being considered as potential accelerators of malaria elimination. The safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and mosquito-lethal effects of combinations of ivermectin, dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine, and primaquine were evaluated. Coadministration of ivermectin and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine resulted in increased ivermectin concentrations with corresponding increases in mosquito-lethal effect across all subjects.

Synthesis, characterization, and mechanistic studies of a gold nanoparticle-amphotericin B covalent conjugate with enhanced antileishmanial efficacy and reduced cytotoxicity.

Background: Amphotericin B (AmB) as a liposomal formulation of AmBisome is the first line of treatment for the disease, visceral leishmaniasis, caused by the parasite . However, nephrotoxicity is very common due to poor water solubility and aggregation of AmB. This study aimed to develop a water-soluble covalent conjugate of gold nanoparticle (GNP) with AmB for improved antileishmanial efficacy and reduced cytotoxicity.

Atovaquone-Proguanil in Combination With Artesunate to Treat Multidrug-Resistant Malaria in Cambodia: An Open-Label Randomized Trial.

Background: Recent artemisinin-combination therapy failures in Cambodia prompted a search for alternatives. Atovaquone-proguanil (AP), a safe, effective treatment for multidrug-resistant (), previously demonstrated additive effects in combination with artesunate (AS).

Methods: Patients with or mixed-species infection (n = 205) in Anlong Veng (AV; n = 157) and Kratie (KT; n = 48), Cambodia, were randomized open-label 1:1 to a fixed-dose 3-day AP regimen +/-3 days of co-administered artesunate (ASAP).

Dissecting the molecular evolution of fluoroquinolone-resistant Shigella sonnei.

Shigella sonnei increasingly dominates the international epidemiological landscape of shigellosis. Treatment options for S. sonnei are dwindling due to resistance to several key antimicrobials, including the fluoroquinolones.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of in Macrophage Cells and DSS-Induced Colitis Mouse Model.

, known as sword bean, has been used as a Chinese traditional medicine for anti-inflammatory effects. However, the action mechanisms of sword bean have not yet been clearly defined. In the present study, the whole parts of a ripened sword bean (RSB) and the green sword bean (GSB) containing bean pod were extracted with ethanol by reflux extraction.

Peroxiredoxin III Protects Tumor Suppressor PTEN from Oxidation by 15-Hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic Acid.

Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a lipid and protein phosphatase that coordinates various cellular processes. Its activity is regulated by the reversible oxidation of an active-site cysteine residue by HO and thioredoxin. However, the potential role of lipid peroxides in the redox regulation of PTEN remains obscure.

Erratum: Predictive Value of Procalcitonin for Infection and Survival in Adult Cardiogenic Shock Patients Treated with Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation.

[This corrects the article on p. 48 in vol. 54, PMID: 29399566.

Trends in the characteristics of acute primary angle closure in Korea over the past 10-years.

Purpose: To investigate the changes in the demographic, clinical, and biometric characteristics of APAC patients in South Korea during the last decade.

Methods: Medical records of patients with APAC who visit the emergency department or the glaucoma clinic of Chonnam National University Hospital, a tertiary referral center in Gwangju, South Korea in 2007 and 2017 were analyzed. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and treatment modality were compared between the APAC patients in 2007 and 2017.

Combining immunoprofiling with machine learning to assess the effects of adjuvant formulation on human vaccine-induced immunity.

Adjuvants produce complex, but often subtle, effects on vaccine-induced immune responses that, nonetheless, play a critical role in vaccine efficacy. In-depth profiling of vaccine-induced cytokine, cellular, and antibody responses ("immunoprofiling") combined with machine-learning holds the promise of identifying adjuvant-specific immune response characteristics that can guide rational adjuvant selection. Here, we profiled human immune responses induced by vaccines adjuvanted with two similar, clinically relevant adjuvants, AS01B and AS02A, and identified key distinguishing characteristics, or immune signatures, they imprint on vaccine-induced immunity.

Magnitude of unreported kala-azar cases in a highly endemic district of Bihar, India: A positive impact of Indian elimination programme.

Background & Objectives: In India, kala-azar surveillance is weak and no public-private partnership exists for disease containment. Estimate of disease burden is not reliably available and still cases are going to private providers for the treatment. The present study aimed to assess the magnitude of kala-azar cases actually detected and managed at private set-up and unreported to existing health management information system.

Structure-function Relationship in Advanced Glaucoma After Reaching the RNFL Floor.

Unlabelled: PRéCIS:: Although the circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cpRNFL) reached the measurement floor, the nasal macular region is important for assessing central visual function in advanced glaucoma.

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between the central visual field (VF) and macular parameters obtained from spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in patients with advanced glaucoma that reached the cpRNFL thickness measurement floor and to determine whether the structural changes measured by SD-OCT are useful for estimating the functional status in these patients.

Methods: A total of 68 eyes from 68 patients with advanced glaucoma were included.

Intestinal permeability and inflammation mediate the association between nutrient density of complementary foods and biochemical measures of micronutrient status in young children: results from the MAL-ED study.

Background: Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is thought to increase the risk of micronutrient deficiencies, but few studies adjust for dietary intakes and systemic inflammation.

Objective: We tested whether EED is associated with micronutrient deficiency risk independent of diet and systemic inflammation, and whether it mediates the relation between intake and micronutrient status.

Methods: Using data from 1283 children in the MAL-ED (Etiology, Risk Factors, and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health) birth cohort we evaluated the risk of anemia, low retinol, zinc, and ferritin, and high transferrin receptor (TfR) at 15 mo.

Field effectiveness of new visceral leishmaniasis regimens after 1 year following treatment within public health facilities in Bihar, India.

Background: An earlier open label, prospective, non-randomized, non-comparative, multi-centric study conducted within public health facilities in Bihar, India (CTRI/2012/08/002891) measured the field effectiveness of three new treatment regimens for visceral leishmaniasis (VL): single dose AmBisome (SDA), and combination therapies of AmBisome and miltefosine (AmB+Milt) and miltefosine and paromomycin (Milt+PM) up to 6 months follow-up. The National Vector Borne Disease Control Program (NVBDCP) recommended an extended follow up at 12 months post-treatment of the original study cohort to quantify late relapses.

Methods: The 1,761 patients enrolled in the original study with the three new regimens were contacted and traced between 10 and 36 months following completion of treatment to determine their health status and any occurrence of VL relapse.

Viral Blips After Treatment Initiation During Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.

Transient viral blips ≥20 copies/mL were observed in 16.9% of acutely treated adults with HIV. Blip incidence increased from 0.

Efficient Transmission of Mixed Plasmodium falciparum/vivax Infections From Humans to Mosquitoes.

Background: In Southeast Asia, people are often coinfected with different species of malaria (Plasmodium falciparum [Pf] and Plasmodium vivax [Pv]) as well as with multiple clones of the same species. Whether particular species or clones within mixed infections are more readily transmitted to mosquitoes remains unknown.

Methods: Laboratory-reared Anopheles dirus were fed on blood from 119 Pf-infected Cambodian adults, with 5950 dissected to evaluate for transmitted infection.

Determination of Cytochrome P450 Isoenzyme 2D6 (CYP2D6) Genotypes and Pharmacogenomic Impact on Primaquine Metabolism in an Active-Duty US Military Population.

Background: Plasmodium vivax malaria requires a 2-week course of primaquine (PQ) for radical cure. Evidence suggests that the hepatic isoenzyme cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) is the key enzyme required to convert PQ into its active metabolite.

Methods: CYP2D6 genotypes and phenotypes of 550 service personnel were determined, and the pharmacokinetics (PK) of a 30-mg oral dose of PQ was measured in 45 volunteers.

Hyaluronic Acid-Conjugated with Hyperbranched Chlorin e6 Using Disulfide Linkage and Its Nanophotosensitizer for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer Cells.

The main purpose of this study is to synthesize novel types of nanophotosensitizers that are based on hyperbranched chlorin e6 (Ce6) via disulfide linkages. Moreover, hyperbranched Ce6 was conjugated with hyaluronic acid (HA) for CD44-receptor mediated delivery and redox-sensitive photodynamic therapy (PDT) against cancer cells. Hyperbranched Ce6 was considered to make novel types of macromolecular photosensitizer since most of the previous studies regarding nanophotosensizers are concerned with simple conjugation between monomeric units of photosensitizer and polymer materials.