Advances in Stem Cell Research-Insights from the Special Issue "Stem Cells in Health and Disease 2.0".

Significant progress in stem cell research over the last few decades has opened up new avenues for exploring human physiology and pathophysiology [...

Lower Plasma Lactate Concentrations After Training Support the Hypothesis of Improved Metabolic Flexibility in Male Long-Term Selected Marathon Mice Compared to Unselected Controls.

Metabolic flexibility describes the capability to switch between oxidative fuels depending on their availability during diet or exercise. In a previous study, we demonstrated that in response to training, marathon (DUhTP) mice, paternally selected for high treadmill performance, are metabolically more flexible than unselected control (DUC) mice. Since exercise-associated metabolic flexibility can be assessed by indirect calorimetry or partially by circulating lactate concentrations, we investigated these parameters in DUhTP and DUC mice.

infection alters the intestinal mucosa transcriptome in neonatal calves: impacts on epithelial barriers and transcellular transport systems.

Introduction: is the most prevalent enteric protozoan parasite causing infectious diarrhea in neonatal calves worldwide with a direct negative impact on their health and welfare. This study utilized next-generation sequencing (NGS) to deepen our understanding of intestinal epithelial barriers and transport mechanisms in the pathophysiology of infectious diarrhea in neonatal calves, which could potentially unveil novel solutions for treatment.

Methods: At day 1 of life, male Holstein-Friesian calves were either orally infected (n = 5) or not (control group, n = 5) with oocysts (in-house strain LE-01-Cp-15).

Sodium butyrate is incorporated into central metabolism in fly head while inducing oxygen consumption increase.

Butyrate has been proposed as a drug therapy by acting as a lysine deacetylase (KDAC) inhibitor and elevating protein acetylation, in particular on histones. Nonetheless, recent studies suggest that tissues such as the gut can utilize butyrate as a metabolite. We have previously shown that the addition of butyrate induces a rapid increase of oxygen consumption in whole Drosophila melanogaster heads.

Transcriptional signature of a hypersensitive glucocorticoid receptor variant in the neuroendocrine system suggests enhanced vulnerability to brain disorders.

The natural substitution Ala610Val in the porcine glucocorticoid receptor (GR) leads to a profound compensatory downregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in early ontogeny. In this study, we leveraged this unique animal model to explore mechanisms of HPA axis regulation and consequences of its genetically-based persistent hypoactivity. To this end, we examined transcriptional signature of GR in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala and adrenal gland in resting conditions (i.

Modulatory effects of in ovo delivery of galactooligosaccharide and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum on antioxidant capacity, gene expression, and selected plasma metabolite parameters of broiler chickens.

A stable gut microbiota promotes a healthy gut and enhances immune function, antioxidant status, and metabolic activities in chickens. The present research work aimed to investigate the modulatory impacts of in ovo delivery of prebiotic and probiotic on oxidative stress, the intestinal transcriptome, and various plasma metabolites in chickens. Fertilized Ross 308 eggs were administered in ovo either with galactooligosaccharide (GOS) (3.

Comparative analysis of PI3K-AKT and MEK-ERK1/2 signaling-driven molecular changes in granulosa cells.

The PI3K-AKT and MEK-ERK signaling pathways are integral to fundamental cellular processes such as proliferation, viability, and differentiation. In granulosa cells (GCs), these pathways are activated by FSH and IGF1 through respective receptors. We investigated the comparative transcriptome changes induced by AKT and ERK pathways using corresponding inhibitors in GCs.

Adult neurogenesis and the microbiota-gut-brain axis in farm animals: underestimated and understudied parameters for improving welfare in livestock farming.

Welfare in commercial livestock farming is becoming increasingly important in current agriculture research. Unfortunately, there is a lack of understanding about the neuronal mechanisms that underlie well-being on an individual level. Neuroplasticity in the hippocampus, the subventricular zone (SVZ), the olfactory bulb (OB) and the hypothalamus may be essential regulatory components in the context of farm animal behaviour and welfare that may be altered by providing environmental enrichment (EE).

Hepatic Transcriptomics of Broilers with Low and High Feed Conversion in Response to Caloric Restriction.

Background: In broiler chickens, the efficient utilization of macro- and micronutrients is influenced by various metabolic pathways that are closely linked to feed efficiency (FE), a critical metric in poultry industry, with residual feed intake (RFI) as the preferred proxy. Feed restriction is considered an approach to address the underlying molecular mechanisms of feed conversion. We hypothesized that broiler chickens with divergent RFI subjected to quantitative feed restriction differ in their pattern of molecular pathways for efficient nutrient utilization in liver as post-absorptive tissue.

Effects of myo-inositol supplementation in the diet on myo-inositol concentrations in the intestine, blood, eggs, and excreta of laying hens.

The objectives of this study were to investigate whether an increased dietary myo-inositol (MI) supply translates into changes in MI concentrations and endogenous mucosal phosphatase activities in the intestine of laying hens and whether different laying hen strains respond differently to MI supplementation. The diets were corn-soybean meal-based and supplemented without (MI0) or with 1 (MI1), 2 (MI2), or 3 (MI3) g MI/kg feed. Ten hens per strain (Lohmann Brown-classic (LB) and Lohmann LSL-classic (LSL)) and diet were sacrificed at the age of 30 wk following a 4-wk stay in a metabolic unit.

Transcriptional responses to diets without mineral phosphorus supplementation in the jejunum of two high-yielding laying hen strains.

Phosphorus (P) is an essential mineral for all forms of life including laying hens, playing a crucial role in growth and efficient egg production. Recent studies suggest that current P recommendations might exceed the physiological demand, leading to unnecessarily high P excretions. This study on Lohmann Brown (LB) and Lohmann Selected Leghorn (LSL) laying hens (n=80; 10 replicates per strain, production period, and dietary group) investigates transcriptional changes in the jejunum, a critical intestinal segment for mineral absorption, in response to a diet either without (P-) or with (P+) a mineral supplement from monocalcium phosphate, administered over a 4-week period during the transition (15-19 weeks) or onset of laying (20-24 weeks).

Effects of feeding diets without mineral P supplement on intestinal phytate degradation, blood concentrations of Ca and P, and excretion of Ca and P in two laying hen strains before and after onset of laying activity.

The objective of this study was to characterize intestinal phytate degradation and mineral utilization by 2 laying hen strains before and after the onset of egg laying using diets without or with a mineral phosphorus (P) supplement. One offspring of 10 roosters per strain (Lohmann Brown-classic [LB] and Lohmann LSL-classic [LSL]) was sacrificed before (wk 19) and after (wk 24) the onset of egg-laying activity and following 4 wk placement in a metabolic unit. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and without supplemented P (P-) or with 1 g/kg supplemented P (P+) from monocalcium phosphate.

Intracellular metabolome elucidates the time-of-day-dependent response to hydrogen peroxide in salmonid gill epithelial cells.

The internal timekeeping system regulates the daily cycle of physiological and behavioural changes in living organisms. This rhythmic phenomenon also influences cellular responses to reactive oxygen species, such as hydrogen peroxide (HO). However, the temporal interaction between HO and fish mucosal cells is not well understood.

Interplay of Cellular Nrf2/NF-κB Signalling after Plasma Stimulation of Malignant vs. Non-Malignant Dermal Cells.

Skin cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Cold atmospheric pressure Plasma (CAP) is increasingly successful in skin cancer therapy, but further research is needed to understand its selective effects on cancer cells at the molecular level. In this study, A431 (squamous cell carcinoma) and HaCaT (non-malignant) cells cultured under identical conditions revealed similar ROS levels but significantly higher antioxidant levels in unstimulated A431 cells, indicating a higher metabolic turnover typical of tumour cells.

Quantity discrimination in 9 ungulate species: Individuals take item number and size into account to discriminate quantities.

The ability to discriminate quantities is crucial for humans and other animals, by allowing individuals to maximize food intake and successfully navigate in their social environment. Here, we used a comprehensive approach to compare quantity discrimination abilities (i.e.

The skimmed milk proteome of dairy cows is affected by the stage of lactation and by supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids.

The impact of nutritional modification to increase functional polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as n-3 and n-6 fatty acids (FA) or conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), on milk proteome profile during early lactation remains largely unknown. We used an untargeted proteomics approach to investigate the impact of lactation day and PUFA supplementation on the proteome signature in skimmed milk over the course of early lactation. Sixteen Holstein dairy cows received abomasal infusion of saturated FA (CTRL) or a mixture of essential FA and CLA (EFA + CLA group) from - 63 to + 63 days relative to parturition.

Effects of feeding earthworm or vermicompost on early life performance of broilers under challenging dietary conditions.

We investigated if feeding earthworms (EW) or vermicompost (VC) to broilers improves performance and aids in coping with dietary challenges from a soluble non-starch polysaccharide (NSP)-enriched diet (negative control diet; CON-). Newly-hatched male Cobb-500 birds (N = 480) were fed either a positive (+) control diet (CON+, n = 240) or CON+ supplemented with either 1% EW (CON+EW; n = 120) or 1% VC in DM (CON+VC; n = 120) for 8 d (Period 1; P1). At the end of P1, blood and intestinal samples were taken from half the birds in each group.

Maternal stress and the early embryonic microenvironment: investigating long-term cortisol effects on bovine oviductal epithelial cells using air-liquid interface culture.

The oviduct epithelium is the initial maternal contact site for embryos after fertilization, offering the microenvironment before implantation. This early gestation period is particularly sensitive to stress, which can cause reduced fertility and reproductive disorders in mammals. Nevertheless, the local impact of elevated stress hormones on the oviduct epithelium has received limited attention to date, except for a few reports on polyovulatory species like mice and pigs.