Growth kinetics and population density of a laboratory colony of the poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) established in Japan.

The poultry red mite (PRM), Dermanyssus gallinae, is a hematophagous ectoparasite that significantly threatens the poultry industry, not only through blood-feeding but also as a vector for deadly pathogens. With the growing challenge of acaricidal resistance, the demand for alternative control measures is urgent. However, effective PRM research, particularly in acaricidal efficacy and new drug discovery, hinges on the availability of reliable laboratory colonies.

Quantitative tyramine analysis method for Apis mellifera larvae infected with Melissococcus plutonius, the causative agent of European foulbrood.

Tyramine, a trace monoamine produced from tyrosine by decarboxylation and found naturally in foods, plants, and animals, is a suspected virulence factor of Melissococcus plutonius that causes European foulbrood in honey bee brood. In the present study, we developed a method for quantitative analysis of tyramine in culture medium and honey bee larvae with a limit of quantitation of 3 ng/mL and a recovery rate of >97% using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry and deuterium-labeled tyramine, demonstrating for the first time that a highly virulent M. plutonius strain actually produces tyramine in infected larvae.

Natto extract inhibits infection caused by the Aujeszky's disease virus in mice.

Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV), also known as Suid alphaherpesvirus 1, which mainly infects swine, causes life-threatening neurological disorders. This disease is a serious global risk factor for economic losses in the swine industry. The development of new anti-ADV drugs is highly anticipated and required.

Peritrophic matrix-degrading proteins are dispensable virulence factors in a virulent Melissococcus plutonius strain.

European foulbrood (EFB) caused by Melissococcus plutonius is a major bacterial disease of honey bees. Strains of the causative agent exhibit genetic heterogeneity, and the degree of virulence varies among strains. In bee larvae orally infected with the highly virulent strains, ingested bacterial cells colonize the larval midgut and proliferate within the sac of the peritrophic matrix (PM), a barrier lining the midgut epithelium.

Different impacts of pMP19 on the virulence of Melissococcus plutonius strains with different genetic backgrounds.

Virulence factors responsible for bacterial pathogenicity are often encoded by plasmids. In Melissococcus plutonius, the causative agent of European foulbrood of honey bees, a putative virulence plasmid (pMP19) possessing mtxA, which encodes a putative insecticidal toxin, was found by comparative genome analyses. However, as the role of pMP19 in the pathogenesis of European foulbrood remains to be elucidated, we generated pMP19 cured-M.

Efficacy of sarolaner (Simparica) against induced infestations of Haemaphysalis longicornis on dogs.

Background: Haemaphysalis longicornis is the major tick affecting dogs in most of the East Asia/Pacific region and has recently been detected in a number of areas of the USA. This tick is a vector for a number of pathogens of dogs, other mammals and humans. In this study, the efficacy of a single oral administration of sarolaner (Simparica, Zoetis) at the minimum label dosage (2 mg/kg) was evaluated against an existing infestation of H.

Imperfection of Commercial Inactivated Vaccine Against Infantis During Induced Molting in Chickens and Proposed Evaluation Method.

In the present study, we evaluated the continuance and efficacy of inactivated vaccine against Infantis (SI) in chickens raised on a commercial farm. Chickens (88-days-old) were inoculated with 1 or 0.5 doses of commercially available trivalent inactivated vaccine; anti-SI antibody titer was examined continuously for 11 mo thereafter.

High-level resistance of Melissococcus plutonius clonal complex 3 strains to antimicrobial activity of royal jelly.

Melissococcus plutonius is the causative agent of European foulbrood of honey bee larvae. Among its three genetically distinct groups (CC3, CC12 and CC13), CC3 strains have been suggested to be more virulent at the colony level. Honey bee larvae are fed royal or worker jellies by adult bees, and these jellies exhibit antimicrobial activity.

Evaluation of calcium hydrogen carbonate mesoscopic crystals as a disinfectant for influenza A viruses.

In this study, the virucidal effect of a novel electrically charged disinfectant CAC-717 was investigated. CAC-717 is produced by applying an electric field to mineral water containing calcium hydrogen carbonate to generate mesoscopic crystals. Virus titration analysis showed a >3 log reduction of influenza A viruses after treatment with CAC-717 for 1 min in room temperature, while infectivity was undetectable after 15 min treatment.

First international collaborative study to evaluate rabies antibody detection method for use in monitoring the effectiveness of oral vaccination programmes in fox and raccoon dog in Europe.

The most effective and sustainable method to control and eliminate rabies in wildlife is the oral rabies vaccination (ORV) of target species, namely foxes and raccoon dogs in Europe. According to WHO and OIE, the effectiveness of oral vaccination campaigns should be regularly assessed via disease surveillance and ORV antibody monitoring. Rabies antibodies are generally screened for in field animal cadavers, whose body fluids are often of poor quality.

Virulence Differences among Melissococcus plutonius Strains with Different Genetic Backgrounds in Apis mellifera Larvae under an Improved Experimental Condition.

European foulbrood (EFB) caused by Melissococcus plutonius is an important bacterial disease of honeybee larvae. M. plutonius strains can be grouped into three genetically distinct groups (CC3, CC12 and CC13).

Effects of conventional anticonvulsant drugs on generalized tonic-clonic seizures in Noda epileptic rats.

Noda epileptic rats (NERs) present with clinico-pathological manifestations reminiscent of human generalized tonic-clonic epilepsy. Thus, this strain of rat has been a model of primary, generalized, tonic-clonic epilepsy. However, the infrequency of seizures in these rats makes the assessment of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) difficult.

National surveillance of Salmonella Enteritidis in commercial eggs in Japan.

A total of 105 033 eggs were collected across Japan from June 2010 to January 2011 and tested for Salmonella Enteritidis to provide data for the risk profiling of S. Enteritidis in eggs by the Food Safety Commission of Japan. S.

Determination of ethoxyquin by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and its application to the survey of residues in food products of animal origin.

An analytical method using HPLC with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FL) has been developed and applied for the survey of residue levels of ethoxyquin in a variety of food products of animal origin. HPLC was performed using a silica octadecylsilane column, butylhydroxytoluene-acetonitrile-water (0.05 + 800 + 200, v/v/v) mobile phase, and detection at excitation and emission wavelengths of 370 and 415 nm, respectively.

Simultaneous determination of azaperone and azaperol in animal tissues by HPLC with confirmation by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

A simple method is described for the determination of azaperone and its metabolite, azaperol, in animal tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC/UV). Chromatography was performed using an ODS column, an acetonitrile-0.025% aqueous diethylamine mixture (2:3, v/v) as a mobile phase and UV detection at 250 nm.

Hepatic lesions caused by migrating larvae of Ascaris suum in chickens.

Group A consisted of chickens infected with a single dose of Ascaris suum and group B of chickens infected with two successive doses. At days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 after the first or second infection dose, six chickens from each group were sacrificed. In both groups, larvae were recovered from the livers on days 1, 3, and 7 and lungs on days 3 and 7.

A 12-month feeding study of reproduction/development in rats fed meat/milk powder supplemented diets derived from the progeny of cloned cattle produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer.

The present 12-month feeding study was carried out with rat groups fed a diet supplemented with meat or milk (meat/milk) derived from the progeny of clones produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technology. It was conducted to obtain data concerning the chronic toxicities of these edible products during the process of development and reproduction in rats fed such products. The rats were subjected to clinical observations for general health condition and examinations such as sensory/reflex function, grip strength, motor activity, body weight, food consumption, ophthalmology and urinalysis.

Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method for determination of mosapride citrate in equine tissues.

A simple method for determination of mosapride citrate and its metabolite, des-p-fluorobenzyl mosapride (M-1), in equine muscle, liver, kidney, adipose tissue and intestine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry has been developed. (+/-)-4-Amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxy-N-[[4-(2-chlorobenzyl)morpholinyl]methyl]benzamide was used as an internal standard. The analytes and internal standard were spiked and extracted from tissues by acetonitrile.

Fourteen-week feeding test of meat and milk derived from cloned cattle in the rat.

Agricultural application of cloned livestock produced by nuclear transfer requires public and governmental understanding of food-safety issues. To determine whether physiological effects occurred in animals fed products derived from cloned cattle, we conducted long-term (14 week) trials feeding Crj:CD(SD)IGS rats meat and milk from cloned cattle. Diets containing meat and milk were equal in nutritional value to the basal diet (AIN93G).

[Development of monoclonal-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunochromatographic assay for lasalocid and semduramicin].

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against lasalocid and semduramicin were prepared using keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugates for the immunization of mice. With these MAbs, we developed quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods for lasalocid and semduramicin. The ELISAs were quantitative in the ranges of 0.

Unexpected nephrotoxicity induced by tetrabromobisphenol A in newborn rats.

The repeated dose toxicity of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), a flame retardant, was examined in male and female newborn rats given TBBPA orally at 0, 40, 200, or 600 mg/kg per day for 18 days from 4 days of age until weaning at 21 days of age. Half the rats in each dose group were sacrificed for a full gross necropsy and a histopathology on the organs and the tissues at 22 days of age and the remaining rats were reared without any treatment from post-weaning until 84 days of age to examine the recovery and the delayed occurrence of toxic effects. Treatment with 200 or 600 mg/kg TBBPA-induced nephrotoxicity characterized by the formation of polycystic lesions, and some deaths occurred in the 600 mg/kg group.

Smooth muscle hamartoma of the abomasum in a calf.

This report describes a case of smooth muscle hamartoma of the abomasum in a 6-month-old steer humanely killed because of severe pneumonia. At necropsy, marked thickening of the abomasal wall in the area of the pylorus was found. On cut section, the thickness of the submucosal layer, extending from the submucosa to the muscularis propria, was seen to be increased to 3 cm.

Monoclonal-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunochromatographic assay for enrofloxacin in biological matrices.

Enrofloxacin has been increasingly used in veterinary medicine to treat microbial infections. A simple and reliable analytical method for this drug is required. The current determination by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is sensitive but labor-intensive.

Production of monoclonal antibody and development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for kanamycin in biological matrices.

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against kanamycin were prepared by using a kanamycin-bovine gamma-globulin conjugate for the immunization of mice. Splenocytes from BALB/c immunized mice were fused with P3X63Ag8U.1 myeloma cells.

Monoclonal-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunochromatographic rapid assay for monensin.

Monensin, a member of the ionophoric polyether antibiotics, is used primarily as a coccidiostat. A protein conjugate of monensin was prepared and utilized to produce monoclonal antibodies in the BALB/c-P3X63Ag8U.1 fusion system.