Epitope imprinted polymeric materials: application in electrochemical detection of disease biomarkers.

Epitope imprinting is a promising method for creating specialized recognition sites that resemble natural biorecognition elements. Epitope-imprinted materials have gained a lot of attention recently in a variety of fields, including bioanalysis, drug delivery, and clinical therapy. The vast applications of epitope imprinted polymers are due to the flexibility in choosing monomers, the simplicity in obtaining templates, specificity toward targets, and resistance to harsh environments along with being cost effective in nature.

Rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 using graphene-based IoT integrated advanced electrochemical biosensor.

Unique characteristics like large surface area, excellent conductivity, functionality, ease of fabrication, etc., of graphene and its derivatives, have been extensively studied as potential candidates in healthcare applications. They have been utilized as a potential nanomaterial in biosensor fabrication for commercialized point-of-care (POC) devices.

Atomic Cross-Talk at the Interface: Enhanced Lubricity and Wear and Corrosion Resistance in Sub 2 nm Hybrid Overcoats via Strengthened Interface Chemistry.

Friction, wear, and corrosion remain the major causes of premature failure of diverse systems including hard-disk drives (HDDs). To enhance the areal density of HDDs beyond 1 Tb/in, the necessary low friction and high wear and corrosion resistance characteristics with sub 2 nm overcoats remain unachievable. Here we demonstrate that atom cross-talk not only manipulates the interface chemistry but also strengthens the tribological and corrosion properties of sub 2 nm overcoats.

MXene-based aptasensor for the detection of aflatoxin in food and agricultural products.

The detection of toxins that contaminate food needs highly sensitive and selective techniques to prevent substantial monitory loss. In this regard, various nanostructured material-enabled biosensors, have recently been developed to improve the detection of food toxins among them aflatoxin is the prevalent one. The biosensor-based detection of aflatoxin is quick, cheaper, and needs less skilled personnel, therefore overcoming the shortcomings of conventional techniques such as LC/MS-MS, HPLC, and ELISA assays.

Electrochemical Immunosensor for Early Detection of β-Amyloid Alzheimer's Disease Biomarker Based on Aligned Carbon Nanotubes Gold Nanocomposites.

Beta-amyloid (βA) peptides accompanying the physiological change in brain induce Alzheimer's disease. In this work, a highly sensitive electrochemical (EC) immunosensor platform has been developed for the quantitative detection of βA peptides, using the gold nanoparticle functionalized chitosan-aligned carbon nanotube (CS-aCNT-Au) nanocomposites on glassy carbon electrodes (GCE). The immunosensor has been fabricated by immobilization of the anti-βA antibody upon CS-aCNT-Au/GCE.

Biosensors based detection of novel biomarkers associated with COVID-19: Current progress and future promise.

The pandemic situation of COVID-19 has caused global alarm in health care, devastating loss of lives, strangled economy, and paralysis of normal livelihood. The high inter-individual transmission rate created havoc in the global community. Although tremendous efforts are pitching in from across the globe to understand this disease, the clinical features seemed to have a wide range including fever, cough, and fatigue are the prominent features.

Functionalized Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle-Based Electrochemical Immunosensor for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody.

The advancement in biosensors can overcome the challenges faced by conventional diagnostic techniques for the detection of the highly infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Hence, the development of an accurate, rapid, sensitive, and selective diagnostic technique can mitigate adverse health conditions caused by SARS-CoV-2. This work proposes the development of an electrochemical immunosensor based on bio-nanocomposites for the sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies through the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) electroanalytical method.

Electrochemically Exfoliated Graphene Quantum Dots Based Biosensor for CD44 Breast Cancer Biomarker.

An innovative electrochemical biosensor based on graphene quantum dots (GQDs) is developed for a simple, rapid, and highly sensitive primary diagnosis of the breast cancer biomarker cluster of differentiation-44 (CD44) antigen. Herein, electrochemical exfoliation of waste dry batteries provides facile, eco-friendly, and cost-effective synthesis of GQDs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis reveals that GQDs exhibit spherical shapes with an average diameter of 4.

Polydopamine decorated MoS nanosheet based electrochemical immunosensor for sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein in clinical samples.

The outbreak of the highly contagious disease COVID-19, which is triggered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), demands a rapid, low-cost, and highly sensitive immunosensor that can detect and identify the virus efficiently. Here, an electrochemical immunosensor based on a nanocomposite consisting of molybdenum disulfide nanosheets decorated with polydopamine (MoS-PDA) is developed for highly sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (N protein). The MoS-PDA nanocomposite possesses various hydroxyl and amine groups that have excellent chemistry with crosslinkers and act as adhesive agents to bind with the working electrode surface.

MXene-modified molecularly imprinted polymers as an artificial bio-recognition platform for efficient electrochemical sensing: progress and perspectives.

The development of efficient electrochemical sensors of exceptional features, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), has been extensively utilized due to their great vitality as an alternative to bio-recognition elements. MIPs as an artificial bio-recognition element are getting significant attention due to their affordability, easy processability, and scaling-up capabilities. However, the challenge of longer stability and higher sensitivity associated with MIP-based sensing technology is still a remaining challenge.

3D printed human organoids: High throughput system for drug screening and testing in current COVID-19 pandemic.

In the current pandemic, scenario the world is facing a huge shortage of effective drugs and other prophylactic medicine to treat patients which created havoc in several countries with poor resources. With limited demand and supply of effective drugs, researchers rushed to repurpose the existing approved drugs for the treatment of COVID-19. The process of drug screening and testing is very costly and requires several steps for validation and treatment efficacy evaluation ranging from in-vitro to in-vivo setups.

Structural alterations in cell organelles induced by photodynamic treatment with chlorin p -histamine conjugate in human oral carcinoma cells probed by 3D fluorescence microscopy.

We have explored the intracellular cell organelle's structural alterations after photodynamic treatment with chlorin p -histamine conjugate (Cp -his) in human oral cancer cells. Herein, the cells were treated with Cp -his (10 μm) and counterstained with organelle-specific fluorescence probes to find the site of intracellular localization using confocal microscopy. For photodynamic therapy (PDT), the cells were exposed to ~30 kJ/m red light (660 ± 20 nm) to induce ~90% cytotoxicity.

Advances in Nanoarchitectonics of Antimicrobial Tiles and a Quest for Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Tiles.

Design of antimicrobial tiles seems necessary to combat against contagious diseases, especially COVID-19. In addition to personal hygiene, this technology facilitates public hygiene as antimicrobial tiles can be installed at hospitals, schools, banks, offices, lobbies, railway stations, etc. This review is primarily focused on preparing antimicrobial tiles using an antimicrobial layer or coatings that fight against germs.

Computational studies on potential new anti-Covid-19 agents with a multi-target mode of action.

A compound that could inhibit multiple targets associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection would prove to be a drug of choice against the virus. Human receptor-ACE2, receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 S-protein, Papain-like protein of SARS-CoV-2 (PLpro), reverse transcriptase of SARS-CoV-2 (RdRp) were chosen for in silico study. A set of previously synthesized compounds (-) were docked into the active sites of the targets.

Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Immunosensor Platforms for Dual Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antigen and Antibody based on Gold Nanoparticle Functionalized Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites.

In this work, we report a facile synthesis of graphene oxide-gold (GO-Au) nanocomposites by electrodeposition. The fabricated electrochemical immunosensors are utilized for the dual detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigen and SARS-CoV-2 antibody. The GO-Au nanocomposites has been characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for its biosensing properties.

An Electrochemical Immunosensor Based on Gold-Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites with Ionic Liquid for Detecting the Breast Cancer CD44 Biomarker.

We develop a highly sensitive electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of a cluster of differentiation-44 (CD44) antigen, a breast cancer biomarker. The hybrid nanocomposite consists of graphene oxide, ionic liquid, and gold nanoparticles (GO-IL-AuNPs) immobilized on a glassy carbon electrode. GO favors the immobilization of antibodies because of the availability of oxygen functionalities.

Microfluidics-Based Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) Devices in Dealing with Waves of COVID-19 Pandemic: The Emerging Solution.

Recent advances in microfluidics-based point-of-care testing (POCT) technology such as paper, array, and beads have shown promising results for diagnosing various infectious diseases. The fast and timely detection of viral infection has proven to be a critical step for deciding the therapeutic outcome in the current COVID-19 pandemic, which in turn not only enhances the patient survival rate but also reduces the disease-associated comorbidities. In the present scenario, rapid, noninvasive detection of the virus using low cost and high throughput microfluidics-based POCT devices embraces the advantages over existing diagnostic technologies, for which a centralized lab facility, expensive instruments, sample pretreatment, and skilled personnel are required.

Unusual High Hardness and Load-Dependent Mechanical Characteristics of Hydrogenated Carbon-Nitrogen Hybrid Films.

Mechanical components are exposed to a rigorous environment in a number of applications including engineering, aerospace, and automobiles. Thus, their service lifetime and reliability are always on the verge of risk. Protective coatings with high hardness are required to enhance their service lifetime and minimize the replacement cost and waste burden.

Next-Generation Intelligent MXene-Based Electrochemical Aptasensors for Point-of-Care Cancer Diagnostics.

Delayed diagnosis of cancer using conventional diagnostic modalities needs to be addressed to reduce the mortality rate of cancer. Recently, 2D nanomaterial-enabled advanced biosensors have shown potential towards the early diagnosis of cancer. The high surface area, surface functional groups availability, and excellent electrical conductivity of MXene make it the 2D material of choice for the fabrication of advanced electrochemical biosensors for disease diagnostics.

Phytochemicals-based targeting RdRp and main protease of SARS-CoV-2 using docking and steered molecular dynamic simulation: A promising therapeutic approach for Tackling COVID-19.

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has affected millions of people worldwide and caused substantial socio-economic losses. Few successful vaccine candidates have been approved against SARS-CoV-2; however, their therapeutic efficacy against the mutated strains of the virus remains questionable. Furthermore, the limited supply of vaccines and promising antiviral drugs have created havoc in the present scenario.

Challenges of the Omicron (B.1.1.529) Variant and Its Lineages: A Global Perspective.

The SARS-CoV-2 virus has shown increased ability to mutate over the past two years, especially in the regions of the spike protein and receptor binding sites. Omicron (B.1.

SARS-CoV-2 and its variants of concern including Omicron: A never ending pandemic.

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 is associated with high morbidity and mortality. This zoonotic virus has emerged in Wuhan of China in December 2019 from bats and pangolins probably and continuing the human-to-human transmission globally since last two years. As there is no efficient approved treatment, a number of vaccines were developed at an unprecedented speed to counter the pandemic.