Development and Validation of a Multimodal-Based Prognosis and Intervention Prediction Model for COVID-19 Patients in a Multicenter Cohort.

The ability to accurately predict the prognosis and intervention requirements for treating highly infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, can greatly support the effective management of patients, especially in resource-limited settings. The aim of the study is to develop and validate a multimodal artificial intelligence (AI) system using clinical findings, laboratory data and AI-interpreted features of chest X-rays (CXRs), and to predict the prognosis and the required interventions for patients diagnosed with COVID-19, using multi-center data. In total, 2282 real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction-confirmed COVID-19 patients’ initial clinical findings, laboratory data and CXRs were retrospectively collected from 13 medical centers in South Korea, between January 2020 and June 2021.

Diagnostic Performance of Five Adult-based US Risk Stratification Systems in Pediatric Thyroid Nodules.

Background The validation of adult-based US risk stratification systems (RSSs) in the discrimination of malignant thyroid nodules in a pediatric population remains lacking. Purpose To estimate and compare the diagnostic performance of pediatric US RSSs based on five adult-based RSSs in the discrimination of malignant thyroid nodules in a pediatric sample. Materials and methods Pediatric patients (age ≤18 years) with histopathologically confirmed US-detected thyroid nodules at a tertiary referral hospital between January 2000 and April 2020 were analyzed retrospectively.

Cilostazol Versus Aspirin on White Matter Changes in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background And Purpose: Cerebral small vessel disease is characterized by progressive cerebral white matter changes (WMCs). This study aimed to compare the effects of cilostazol and aspirin on changes in WMC volume in patients with cerebral small vessel disease.

Methods: In a multicenter, double-blind, randomized controlled trial, participants with moderate or severe WMCs and at least one lacunar infarction detected on brain magnetic resonance imaging were randomly assigned to the cilostazol and aspirin groups in a 1:1 ratio.

Increased Risk of Major Depressive Disorder After Cholecystectomy: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study in Korea.

Introduction: This study investigated the risk of depression in Korean adults who underwent cholecystectomy and appeared for subsequent long-term follow-ups. A national population-based data set was used for analysis.

Methods: All patients (n = 111,934) aged 40 years and older who underwent cholecystectomy between 2010 and 2015 and a control population (n = 223,868), matched for age and sex, were identified from the database of the Korean National Health Insurance Corporation.

Development and Validation of a Deep Learning-Based Automatic Brain Segmentation and Classification Algorithm for Alzheimer Disease Using 3D T1-Weighted Volumetric Images.

Background And Purpose: Limited evidence has suggested that a deep learning automatic brain segmentation and classification method, based on T1-weighted brain MR images, can predict Alzheimer disease. Our aim was to develop and validate a deep learning-based automatic brain segmentation and classification algorithm for the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease using 3D T1-weighted brain MR images.

Materials And Methods: A deep learning-based algorithm was developed using a dataset of T1-weighted brain MR images in consecutive patients with Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment.

Performance of a Deep Learning Algorithm Compared with Radiologic Interpretation for Lung Cancer Detection on Chest Radiographs in a Health Screening Population.

Background The performance of a deep learning algorithm for lung cancer detection on chest radiographs in a health screening population is unknown. Purpose To validate a commercially available deep learning algorithm for lung cancer detection on chest radiographs in a health screening population. Materials and Methods Out-of-sample testing of a deep learning algorithm was retrospectively performed using chest radiographs from individuals undergoing a comprehensive medical check-up between July 2008 and December 2008 (validation test).

Thin-Section MR Imaging for Carotid Cavernous Fistula.

Background And Purpose: Carotid-cavernous fistulas are abnormal vascular shunts that can cause various neurologic or orbital symptoms. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of thin-section MR imaging for carotid cavernous fistula in patients with clinically suspected carotid cavernous fistula, and to identify possible imaging predictors of carotid cavernous fistula.

Materials And Methods: A total of 98 patients who were clinically suspected of having carotid cavernous fistula (according to their symptoms and physical examinations) between January 2006 and September 2018 were included in this study.

Detailed analysis of phenotypes and genotypes in megalencephaly-capillary malformation-polymicrogyria syndrome caused by somatic mosaicism of PIK3CA mutations.

Background: Megalencephaly-capillary malformation-polymicrogyria syndrome (MCAP) belongs to a group of conditions called the PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum (PROS). The varying phenotypes and low frequencies of each somatic mosaic variant make confirmative diagnosis difficult. We present 12 patients who were diagnosed clinically and genetically with MCAP.

Diagnostic Accuracy of MRI-Based Morphometric Parameters for Detecting Olfactory Nerve Dysfunction.

Background And Purpose: Although olfactory dysfunction is a common cranial nerve disorder, there are no simple objective morphometric criteria to assess olfactory dysfunction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of MR imaging morphometric parameters for detecting olfactory dysfunction.

Materials And Methods: This prospective study enrolled patients from those presenting with olfactory symptoms who underwent both an olfactory function test and MR imaging.

Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Chronic Kidney Disease According to 2017 Blood Pressure Categories in Diabetes Mellitus.

The association between blood pressure (BP) defined by the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Hypertension Clinical Practice Guidelines with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease in patients with diabetes mellitus remains unclear. This study used the National Health Insurance Database of Korea that has health information of 8 922 940 persons who were screened from 2009 to 2014. We determined the BP status of 490 352 diabetes mellitus: level 1 (systolic <120 mm Hg and diastolic <80 mm Hg), level 2 (systolic 120-129 mm Hg and diastolic <80 mm Hg), level 3 (systolic 130-139 mm Hg or diastolic 80-89 mm Hg), and level 4 (systolic ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic ≥90 mm Hg).

Serum albumin and beta-amyloid deposition in the human brain.

Objectives: To investigate the relationships of serum albumin with in vivo Alzheimer disease (AD) pathologies, including cerebral β-amyloid (Aβ) protein deposition, neurodegeneration of AD-signature regions, and cerebral white matter hyperintensities (WMH), in the human brain.

Methods: A total of 396 older adults without dementia underwent comprehensive clinical assessments, measurement of serum albumin level, and multimodal brain imaging, including [C] Pittsburgh compound B-PET, F-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET, and MRI. Serum albumin was categorized as follows: <4.

How to Best Detect Portal Vein Tumor Thrombosis in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Meeting the Milan Criteria: Gadoxetic Acid-Enhanced MRI versus Contrast-Enhanced CT.

Introduction: The detection of portal vein tumor thrombosis (PVTT) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) meeting the Milan criteria is of critical importance as PVTT is known to be a contraindication to transplantation and an indicator of a dismal prognosis.

Objective: To determine which modality may best detect PVTT, we compared the diagnostic performance of gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI (GA-MRI) and contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) in HCC patients meeting the Milan criteria.

Methods: We retrospectively enrolled 310 patients with HCCs meeting the Milan criteria who underwent both GA-MRI and CECT between June 2007 and May 2017.

Subcutaneous Nitroglycerin for Radial Arterial Catheterization in Pediatric Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Pediatric radial artery cannulation is challenging because of the small vessel size. Nitroglycerin is a potent vasodilator and facilitates radial artery cannulation by increasing the internal diameter and preventing the vasospasm in adult patients. The authors hypothesize that subcutaneous nitroglycerin injection will improve the success rate of pediatric radial artery cannulation.

A Long-Term Follow-up, Multicenter, Comparative Study of the Radiologic, and Clinical Results Between a CaO-SiO2-P2O5-B2O3 Bioactive Glass Ceramics (BGS-7) Intervertebral Spacer and Titanium Cage in 1-Level Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion.

Study Design: This is a prospective, stratified randomized, multicenter, 4-year follow-up study.

Objective: The authors aimed to evaluate the long-term clinical efficacy and safety of CaO-SiO2-P2O5-B2O3 glass ceramics (BGS-7) spacers in 1-level posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) at a 4-year follow-up.

Summary Of Background Data: According to 1-year follow-up results, BGS-7 spacer showed similar fusion rates and clinical outcomes compared with titanium cage.

Radiogenomic Analysis of Breast Cancer by Using B-Mode and Vascular US and RNA Sequencing.

Background Radiogenomic investigations for breast cancer provide an understanding of tumor heterogeneity and discover image phenotypes of genetic variation. However, there is little research on the correlations between US features of breast cancer and whole-transcriptome profiling. Purpose To explore US phenotypes reflecting genetic alteration relevant to breast cancer treatment and prognosis by comparing US images of tumor with their RNA sequencing results.

Urinary Stone Detection on CT Images Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks: Evaluation of Model Performance and Generalization.

Purpose: To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of cascading convolutional neural network (CNN) for urinary stone detection on unenhanced CT images and to evaluate the performance of pretrained models enriched with labeled CT images across different scanners.

Materials And Methods: This HIPAA-compliant, institutional review board-approved, retrospective clinical study used unenhanced abdominopelvic CT scans from 535 adults suspected of having urolithiasis. The scans were obtained on two scanners (scanner 1 [hereafter S1] and scanner 2 [hereafter S2]).

Brain somatic mutations observed in Alzheimer's disease associated with aging and dysregulation of tau phosphorylation.

The role of brain somatic mutations in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is not well understood. Here, we perform deep whole-exome sequencing (average read depth 584×) in 111 postmortem hippocampal formation and matched blood samples from 52 patients with AD and 11 individuals not affected by AD. The number of somatic single nucleotide variations (SNVs) in AD brain specimens increases significantly with aging, and the rate of mutation accumulation in the brain is 4.

Effect of polygenic load on striatal dopaminergic deterioration in Parkinson disease.

Objective: To investigate the effect of polygenic load on the progression of striatal dopaminergic dysfunction in patients with Parkinson disease (PD).

Methods: Using data from 335 patients with PD in the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) database, we investigated the longitudinal association of PD-associated polygenic load with changes in striatal dopaminergic activity as measured by I-N-3-fluoropropyl-2-β-carboxymethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl) nortropane (I-FP-CIT) SPECT over 4 years. PD-associated polygenic load was estimated by calculating weighted genetic risk scores (GRS) using 1) all available 27 PD-risk single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PPMI database (GRS1) and 2) 23 SNPs with minor allele frequency >0.

A Scoring System for Prediction of Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Background And Purpose: An accurate and comprehensive assessment of lymph node metastasis in patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer is crucial in daily practice. This study constructed a predictive model with a risk scoring system based on CT characteristics of lymph nodes and tumors for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma to stratify the risk of lymph node metastasis.

Materials And Methods: Data included 476 cervical lymph nodes from 191 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma from a historical cohort.

Respiratory Variation of Internal Carotid Artery Blood Flow Peak Velocity Measured by Transfontanelle Ultrasound to Predict Fluid Responsiveness in Infants: A Prospective Observational Study.

Background: Cranial sonography is a widely used point-of-care modality in infants. The authors evaluated that the respiratory variation of the internal carotid artery blood flow peak velocity as measured using transfontanelle ultrasound can predict fluid responsiveness in infants.

Methods: This prospective observational study included 30 infants undergoing cardiac surgery.

Comparison of rocuronium requirement in children with continuous infusion versus intermittent bolus: A randomised controlled trial.

Background: Minimising rocuronium administration during paediatric surgery helps to reduce the incidence of residual muscular blockade.

Objective: To determine whether intermittent bolus injection (Bolus group) or continuous infusion (group) requires the lesser amount of rocuronium.

Design: A randomised, single-blind controlled trial.

Development and Validation of Deep Learning-based Automatic Detection Algorithm for Malignant Pulmonary Nodules on Chest Radiographs.

Purpose To develop and validate a deep learning-based automatic detection algorithm (DLAD) for malignant pulmonary nodules on chest radiographs and to compare its performance with physicians including thoracic radiologists. Materials and Methods For this retrospective study, DLAD was developed by using 43 292 chest radiographs (normal radiograph-to-nodule radiograph ratio, 34 067:9225) in 34 676 patients (healthy-to-nodule ratio, 30 784:3892; 19 230 men [mean age, 52.8 years; age range, 18-99 years]; 15 446 women [mean age, 52.

Moderating effect of ε4 on the relationship between sleep-wake cycle and brain β-amyloid.

Objectives: To clarify the relationships between sleep-wake cycle and cerebral β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition in cognitively normal (CN) older adults, focusing primarily on the moderating effects of the ε4 allele.

Methods: The present study included 133 CN older adults who participated in the Korean Brain Aging Study for Early Diagnosis & Prediction of Alzheimer's Disease cohort. All participants underwent [C] Pittsburgh compound B-PET imaging to quantify Aβ deposition in the brain and blood sampling for genotyping.

MR Imaging-Based Evaluations of Olfactory Bulb Atrophy in Patients with Olfactory Dysfunction.

Background And Purpose: Although the olfactory bulb volume as assessed with MR imaging is known to reflect olfactory function, it is not always measured during olfactory pathway assessments in clinical settings. We aimed to evaluate the utility of visual olfactory bulb atrophy and neuropathy analyses using MR imaging in patients with olfactory dysfunction.

Materials And Methods: Thirty-four patients who presented with subjective olfactory loss between March 2016 and February 2017 were included.

Three-Vessel Assessment of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction in Patients With Clinical Suspicion of Ischemia: Prospective Observational Study With the Index of Microcirculatory Resistance.

Background: Difficulty directly visualizing the coronary microvasculature as opposed to the epicardial coronary artery makes its assessment challenging. The goal of this study is to measure the index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR) in all 3 major coronary vessels to identify the clinical and angiographic predictors of an abnormal IMR.

Methods And Results: Ninety-three patients who underwent coronary physiological assessment in all 3 major coronary vessels were prospectively enrolled (59.