[Household structure of older persons in Latin America and the CaribbeanA estrutura de moradia de idosos na América Latina e no Caribe].

Objective: Analyze cohabitation patterns in the population over 60 years of age living in private households in 23 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Methods: Cross-sectional study based on the most recently available census microdata from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS, International), corresponding mainly to the 2010 census. Average number of household members, age distribution, and family relationships were calculated and compared for each country and by sex.

Enhancing Preoperative Planning in Orthopedic Trauma Surgery Using a Presentation Software.

Preoperative planning (PP) is critical to ensure a successful outcome in orthopaedic trauma surgery. Since it was first described thirty years ago, no modifications have been made to the original preoperative planning (OPP) technique, which was written by hand using pen and paper. We believe that the use of presentation software (such as Microsoft PowerPoint, Microsoft Corp.

[Not Available].

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most serious health threats globally. The development of new antimicrobials is not keeping pace with the evolution of resistant microorganisms, and novel ways of tackling this problem are required. One of such initiatives has been the development of antimicrobial stewardship programmes (AMS).

Atrial Fibrillation Diagnosis using ECG Records and Self-Report in the Community: Cross-Sectional Analysis from ELSA-Brasil.

Background: Atrial fibrillation or flutter (AFF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia. Limited data can be found on AFF epidemiology in South America.

Objective: The present study sought to describe the clinical epidemiology of AFF and the use of stroke prevention medication in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) baseline assessment.

[Excise taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages in Latin America and the CaribbeanImposto especial de consumo sobre bebidas açucaradas na América Latina e no Caribe].

Objective: To characterize the design of excise taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in Latin America and the Caribbean and assess opportunities to increase their impact on SSB consumption and health.

Methods: A comprehensive search and review of the legislation in effect as of March 2019, collected through existing Pan American Health Organization and World Health Organization monitoring tools, secondary sources, and surveying ministries of finance. The analysis focused on the type of products taxed, and the structure and base of these excise taxes.

Experience of neighbourhood violence and mental distress in Brazilian favelas: a cross-sectional household survey.

Background: Living in informal settlements with extensive neighbourhood violence has been shown to be linked with poorer mental health. However, there is little evidence as to whether different levels of personal experiences and fears of neighbourhood violence within such settlements affect mental health. This study assessed such personal experiences and fears of residents in favelas in Brazil.

[Statistical literacy and risk communication for COVID-19 vaccination: a scoping reviewLiteracia estatística e comunicação de risco para a vacinação contra a COVID-19: revisão de escopo].

Objective: To describe the role of statistical literacy and proper risk communication in communication strategies related to COVID-19 vaccination.

Methods: A scoping review was carried out in January 2021, with the keywords "statistical literacy," "risk communication," "health communication," and "pandemic," in the Pan American Health Organization Virtual Health Library, PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Google Scholar databases. No filters were applied for dates, language, or publication type.

[Leadership, social determinants of health and health equity: the case of Costa Rica].

Costa Rica has long been a country of special interest in the Americas and in global health because of its good health. The United Nations Development Programme ranks countries according to their level of human development based on life expectancy, education and national income. Although Costa Rica is ranked at 63 and classified as 'High', in terms of health it belongs in the 'Very High' group.

Feasibility of an mobile application as a tool for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis contact monitoring in Peru.

This study aimed to validate an ODK digital mobile application (ODK-DMA) in contacts exposed to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in Lima, Peru. Using a questionnaire in an application on a mobile device, we registered 129 household contacts of 29 index cases of MDR-TB under treatment in 10 health facilities in South Lima in August 2018. The mean time of registration per contact was found to be 4 minutes.

Situation of the tuberculosis-diabetes comorbidity in adults in Peru: 2016-2018.

Objective: To describe the characteristics of adult patients with tuberculosis (TB) and diabetes mellitus (DM) in Peru, and to explore the association of DM and mortality in people with TB.

Materials And Methods: We carried out a secondary analysis of the database of the Management Information System of Tuberculosis of the Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Directorate of the Ministry of Health of Peru. Adult patients who started treatment with the scheme for drug-sensitive TB in 2016, 2017 and 2018 were included.

Venezuelan women's perception of sexual and reproductive health services in Lima, Peru.

Objectives: To know the perception of Venezuelan women about sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services in Lima, Peru.

Materials And Methods: This study had a qualitative methodological approach; 50 migrant women in Lima and three obstetricians who provide SRH care by the United Nations Population Fund were interviewed, information was collected from July to December 2019. The SRH service in Lima was analyzed using the theory of "reproductive governance".

The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews.

The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, published in 2009, was designed to help systematic reviewers transparently report why the review was done, what the authors did, and what they found. Over the past decade, advances in systematic review methodology and terminology have necessitated an update to the guideline. The PRISMA 2020 statement replaces the 2009 statement and includes new reporting guidance that reflects advances in methods to identify, select, appraise, and synthesise studies.

Portuguese Validated Versions of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: A Systematic Review Protocol.

Introduction: Alcohol consumption ranks among the top ten risk factors contributing to the global disease burden. Several international organizations recommend the use of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test to screen for at-risk drinkers. However, a fully validated Portuguese version of this test is lacking.

[Coronavirus in the United Kingdom: the cost of exceptionalism].

This article offers a reflection on the policies initially pursued in the United Kingdom during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

[Prioritization by patients of a series of common components in the standard comprehensive geriatric assessment in Primary Care].

Objective: To know the prioritization by people aged ≥70 of a series of common components in the comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) in primary care (PC), according to the influence on health.

Method: Cross-sectional descriptive study through questionnaire to 109 people, have been excluded those at the end of life or with cognitive, sensory or mental/psychiatric impairment that made collaboration difficult. The main variable was a selection of 23 items of the physical/clinical, functional, mental and social/family, common components on a CGA in PC.

Mental Health Disorders in Population Displaced by Conflict in Colombia: Comparative Analysis against the National Mental Health Survey 2015.

Background And Objectives: Colombia is one of the countries with the highest levels of internal displacement resulting from armed conflict. This population has greater chances of experiencing a mental health disorder, especially in territories historically affected by armed conflict. Our objective was to compare the levels of possible mental health disorder in people experiencing internal displacement in Meta, Colombia, a department historically affected by armed conflict, compared to the internally displaced population in the National Mental Health Survey of 2015.

Design and assessment of a penile fracture simulation model.

Objective: To design and assess a novel penile fracture simulation model for teaching penile fracture repair.

Methods: We used a validated circumcision simulator to create a model. Foreskin for a circumcision was divided into two halves.

Artificial intelligence and simulation in urology.

Introduction And Objective: Artificial intelligence (AI) is in full development and its implementation in medicine has led to an improvement in clinical and surgical practice. One of its multiple applications is surgical training, with the creation of programs that allow avoiding complications and risks for the patient. The aim of this article is to analyze the advantages of AI applied to surgical training in urology.

Reconstruction with a Custom made Prosthetic Wrist Arthrodesis after Bone Tumor Resections of the Distal Radius. Single Centre Experience.

 The present study aimed at analyzing the clinical, radiological and functional results of the reconstruction of the distal radius after tumor resection with a custom-made metal arthrodesis implant and compare them with other types of distal radius reconstruction, as presented in the literature. To our best knowledge, this is the first article describing this particular type of implant and patient functionality.  Functional outcomes of reconstruction of the distal radius were assessed in a series of 4 patients.

Post-COVID-19 syndrome: epidemiology, diagnostic criteria and pathogenic mechanisms involved.

Introduction: Many patients with mild or severe COVID-19 do not make a full recovery and have a wide range of chronic symptoms for weeks or months after infection, often of a neurological, cognitive or psychiatric nature. The epidemiological evidence, diagnostic criteria and pathogenesis of post-COVID-19 syndrome are reviewed.

Development: Post-COVID-19 syndrome is defined by persistent clinical signs and symptoms that appear while or after suffering COVID-19, persist for more than 12 weeks and cannot be explained by an alternative diagnosis.

Low Referral Rates for Genetic Assessment of Patients With Multiple Adenomas in United Kingdom Bowel Cancer Screening Programs.

Background: Approximately 1 in 20 cases of colorectal cancer are caused by monogenic syndromes. Published guidelines recommend that patients with 10 or more adenomas be referred for genetic testing, based on evidence that colorectal cancer risk is associated with adenoma multiplicity.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine adherence to guidelines on referral for genetic screening in patients with 10 or more adenomas.

Screening and detection of chromosomal copy number alterations in the domestic horse using SNP-array genotyping data.

Chromosomal abnormalities are a common cause of infertility in horses. However, they are difficult to detect using automated methods. Here, we propose a simple methodology based on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-array data that allows us to detect the main chromosomal abnormalities in horses in a single procedure.