The experience of mothers caring for their teenage daughters' young children.

The purpose of this study was firstly to explore and describe the experiences of mothers who are looking after their teenage daughters' young children. Secondly, to formulate guidelines (based on the results obtained) for psychiatric nurses in assisting these mothers to mobilise resources in order to promote, maintain and restore their mental health as an integral part of health. An exploratory, descriptive, contextual and qualitative design was used and Guba's model for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research was applied.

Critical thinking by nurses on ethical issues like the termination of pregnancies.

This research forms part of a larger interdisciplinary research project on the termination of pregnancies. The focus of this part of the project is on the ethical issues related to termination of pregnancies. The practice of the professional nurse is confronted with ethical dilemmas and disputes.

The community health clinics as a learning context for student nurses.

The purpose of the research study was to describe guidelines to improve the community health clinics as a learning context conductive to learning. The objectives of the study commenced by getting the perception of student nurses from a nursing college in Gauteng; community sisters from ten community health clinics in the Southern Metropolitan Local Council and college tutors from a college in Gauteng. The research design and method used, consisting of a qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual approach and the design was divided into two phases.

The quality of nursing service management in South African hospitals.

The purpose of this study is to determine--explore and describe--the quality of nursing service management in South African hospitals. A combined qualitative and quantitative pre- and post-test research strategy, in accordance with the COHSASA programme, was utilised. The hospitals implement the national standards during the preparatory phase, after having entered into an agreement with COHSASA.

Student nurses' experience of interaction with culturally diverse psychiatric patients.

A study of Baccalaureate nursing students was conducted to explore and describe undergraduate nursing students' experience of interaction with culturally diverse psychiatric patients. Thirty-seven nursing students participated in this research project. Sixteen of the students came from a predominantly black university and the other twenty-one students came from a predominantly white university.

Community-based curriculum in psychiatric nursing science.

Unlabelled: As community-based health care delivery is now a prominent feature of the health care system in South Africa, nursing curricula are being challenged to prepare student nurses for community-based nursing roles and responsibilities. The purpose of this study was to describe guidelines for a community-based curriculum in psychiatric nursing science for a nursing college in KwaZulu-Natal. A qualitative, quantitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual design was employed.

Furanoterpenoids from Siphonochilus aethiopicus.

Two new furanoterpenoid derivatives, namely 4a alpha H-3,5 alpha,8 alpha beta-trimethyl-4,4a,9-tetrahydro-naphtho[2,3-b]-furan-8-one and 2-hydroxy-4a alpha H-3,5 alpha, 8a beta-trimethyl-4,4a,9-tetrahydronaphtho[2,3-b]-furan-8-one, were isolated from Siphonochilus aethiopicus, a member of the family Zingiberaceae. Their structures were elucidated using high field NMR techniques.

Magnification, blur, and ray state at the retina for the general eye with and without a general optical instrument in front of it: 2. Near objects.

Purpose: To derive general equations that characterize rays, magnification, and blur at the retina in the case of near object points for the naked eye and for the eye in combination with a general optical instrument.

Method: The paper draws on results obtained via linear optics in an accompanying paper.

Results: Equations are presented that completely characterize the state of rays at the retina from objects at any distance.

Magnification, blur, and ray state at the retina for the general eye with and without a general optical instrument in front of it: 1. Distant objects.

Purpose: To derive general equations that characterize rays, magnification, and blur at the retina in the case of distant object points for a naked eye and for an eye looking through an arbitrary optical instrument. The eye and optical instrument may be astigmatic and noncoaxial.

Method: The derivation is based on linear optics and makes use of the concept of the augmented ray transference of an optical system.

Clinical measurement, artifact, and data analysis in dioptric power space.

It appears now to be recognized that traditional clinical representations of astigmatic power, including sphere, cylinder, and axis, in particular, do not lend themselves directly to satisfactory quantitative analysis. For purposes of analysis, the clinical representations need first to be transformed into representations in dioptric power space. It turns out, however, that characteristics of the clinical measurements carried over into dioptric power space can be a source of spurious conclusions reached in such studies.

Comparing optical systems, and the concept of the converter system.

The purpose of this article was to present a complete and general method for comparing the first-order optical character of optical systems. The method provides a common basis for quantifying the difference between systems of all kinds including thin lenses, ophthalmic prisms, eyes before and after accommodation, eyes before and after refractive surgery, etc. Systems may be astigmatic or stigmatic, coaxial or noncoaxial.

Assessment of a simple, non-toxic Alamar blue cell survival assay to monitor tomato cell viability.

The Alamar Blue (AB) assay, which incorporates a medox indicator that changes colour or fluorescence in response to metabolic activity, is commonly used to assess quantitatively the viability and/or proliferation of mammalian cells and micro-organisms. In this study the AB assay was adapted for the determination of the viability of plant cells. Cell suspension cultures of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum, L.

Closed surfaces of constant visual acuity in symmetric dioptric power space.

This paper demonstrates a multivariate approach to understanding the complicated relations of visual acuity to refractive state or ametropia. Other approaches, as previously used, included graphical representations of lines or profiles of iso-oxyopia (Peters, 1961). But one limitation of Peters' method is that cylinder axis was ignored.

Sludge and washwater management strategies for the Vaalkop water treatment plant.

The Vaalkop plant, owned and operated by Magalies Water, provides a valuable South African case study of sludge and washwater management at a large water treatment plant. Starting out as a small plant of 18 Ml/day about thirty years ago, it has steadily grown to a plant with treatment capacity of 210 Ml/day; fairly large by South African standards. During the preceding years, it has not only been subject to a vastly larger scale of operation, but it also had to adapt to a tremendous increase in the cost of raw water, an increased environmental awareness amongst water treatment professionals and general public alike, and a much more sophisticated and complicated legislative framework.

Isozyme and allozyme markers distinguishing two morphologically similar, medically important Mastomys species (Rodentia: Muridae).

Background: Two common southern African mice species, Mastomys coucha and M. natalensis, are widely distributed throughout the subregion and overlap in many areas. They also share a high degree of morphological similarity, making them impossible to distinguish in the field at present.

FACE: fear of loss of face and the five hazardous attitudes concept.

An aspect of human personality, fear of loss of face, has attracted only minimal experimental investigation, despite the widespread recognition of the condition and its potentially adverse effects on behavior. A survey of the available literature shows fear of loss of face to be an important aspect of pilot decision making. This article considers the phenomenon in more detail and recommends an amendment to the 5 hazardous attitudes concept developed at the Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (Diehl, 1990).

Persistent organochlorine pesticides detected in blood and tissue samples of vultures from different localities in South Africa.

Gas chromatography was used to establish the presence of quantifiable residues of 14 persistent chlorinated hydrocarbon pollutants in whole blood, clotted blood, heart, kidney, liver and muscle samples obtained from individual African whitebacked (Pseudogyps africanus), Cape griffon (Gyps coprotheres) and Lappetfaced (Torgos tracheliotos) vultures from different localities in South Africa. The levels of pesticides measured in whole blood samples of live specimens were compared between nestlings from two natural breeding colonies, adults from a wildlife area and birds held in captivity. Statistically significant (P<0.

The major flavonoid of Dodonaea angustifolia.

The major leaf flavonoid of Dodonaea angustifolia, an important South African traditional medicine, has been identified as 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3,6-dimethoxyflavone (1).

Interconverting the matrix and principal meridional representations of dioptric power in general including powers with nonorthogonal and complex principal meridians.

The principal meridians of the powers of thick astigmatic systems, like the eye, are not necessarily at right angles. The consequence is a class of phenomena included in the category commonly described as irregular astigmatism. The conventional principal meridional representation of power, however, is unsuited to quantitative analysis.

Modelling of floc-bubble aggregate rise rates in dissolved air flotation.

The use of relatively simple, but conceptually sound mathematical models, is a powerful tool to identify and understand parameters that are critical to a process. In this paper, a model is presented which addresses the rise rate of floc-bubble aggregates in the DAF separation zone. The model uses Stoke's Law as a point of departure, which is then progressively extended to incorporate the non-sphericity of the aggregates, the non-laminar nature of their movement, the fractal nature of the flocs, the physical constraints of attaching bubbles to a floc, and the limit on bubble numbers imposed by a typical air dosing system.

Inhibition of polygalacturonase from Verticillium dahliae by a polygalacturonase inhibiting protein from cotton.

An extracellular endo-polygalacturonase (PGase) [E.C. 3.

Note on Sawilowsky's paper on the rank transform.

It is shown that the undesirable properties of the rank transform in two-way anaylsis of variance with an interaction are due to the test construction and not to the sampling distribution used. It is furthermore confirmed that a safe procedure is to test for main effects only if the interaction is shown not to be significant.

A chemotaxonomic and morphological appraisal of Aloe series Purpurascentes, Aloe section Anguialoe and their hybrid, Aloe broomii.

Evidence is presented to suggest the hybrid origin of Aloe broomii, with the one putative parent belonging to Aloe series Purpurascentes and the other a member of Aloe series Anguialoe. A chemotaxonomic and morphological assessment is presented for both infrageneric groups and their hypothesised hybrid. Four of the species belonging to the series Purpurascentes display a characteristic leaf exudate profile containing the chemotaxonomic marker microstigmin.

Allozyme variation in four populations of African whitebacked vultures (Gyps africanus) and phylogenetic relationships between four vulture species from southern Africa.

Genetic variation detected by protein electrophoresis at 41 presumptive gene loci was assayed in four populations of Gyps africanus and compared to values previously obtained for Gyps coprotheres. Values calculated for percentage of polymorphic loci (P=34.15%, 0.

A review of the use of allozyme electrophoresis in plant systematics.

The role of electrophoretic data is discussed as it applies to plant taxonomy and systematic studies. Nei's (Am. Nat.