Prognostic validation of a non-laboratory and a laboratory based cardiovascular disease risk score in multiple regions of the world.

Objective: To evaluate the performance of the non-laboratory INTERHEART risk score (NL-IHRS) to predict incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) across seven major geographic regions of the world. The secondary objective was to evaluate the performance of the fasting cholesterol-based IHRS (FC-IHRS).

Methods: Using measures of discrimination and calibration, we tested the performance of the NL-IHRS (n=100 475) and FC-IHRS (n=107 863) for predicting incident CVD in a community-based, prospective study across seven geographic regions: South Asia, China, Southeast Asia, Middle East, Europe/North America, South America and Africa.

Predominance of Central Asian and European families among Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Kashmir Valley, India.

Background: As there are no data available regarding the strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis circulating in Kashmir Valley, India, the current study aimed at describing the genetic diversity of M. tuberculosis strains in this region, by spoligotyping and 12-locus-based MIRU-VNTR typing (Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Unit-Variable Number Tandem Repeat).

Methods: Sputa from 207 smear positive cases with newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis were subjected to culture for M.

Coagulase gene polymorphism, enterotoxigenecity, biofilm production, and antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine raw milk in North West India.

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is the predominant bacterium responsible for various diseases in animals and humans. Preventive strategies could be better implemented by understanding the prevalence, genetic patterns, and the presence of enterotoxin and biofilm-producing genes along with the antibiotic susceptibility of this organism. This study was conducted in Rajasthan, the northwestern state of India, holding the largest population of cattle that makes it the second largest milk producer in India and no such prior information is available on these aspects.

β-defensins: An innate defense for bovine mastitis.

Immune challenges are inevitable for livestock that are exposed to a varied range of adverse conditions ranging from environmental to pathogenic stresses. The β-defensins are antimicrobial peptides, belonging to "defensin" family and therefore acts as the first line of defense against the major infections occurring in dairy cattle including intramammary infections. The better resistance to mastitis displayed by is implicit in the fact that they have better adapted and also has more sequence variation with rare allele conserved due to lesser artificial selection pressure than that of .

Prevalence and risk assessment of gastrointestinal helminthoses in dairy animals of Bikaner, Rajasthan.

A total of 715 faecal sampleswere collected fromdairy animals ofeight tehsils ofBikaner district, Rajasthan during March 2015 to January 2016. An overall prevalence rate of 54.12 % was recorded for gastrointestinal helminthoses with highly statistical difference among dairy animals ( < 0.

Gut Microbiota Modulation and Its Relationship with Obesity Using Prebiotic Fibers and Probiotics: A Review.

In the present world scenario, obesity has almost attained the level of a pandemic and is progressing at a rapid rate. This disease is the mother of all other metabolic disorders, which apart from placing an added financial burden on the concerned patient also has a negative impact on his/her well-being and health in the society. Among the various plausible factors for the development of obesity, the role of gut microbiota is very crucial.

Molecular modelling and docking analysis of katG and rpoB gene in MDR-TB isolates from North Central Indian population.

Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, requires multi drug therapy approach. Drug resistance in M. tuberculosis is caused by mutations in specific regions in drug target genes.

Studies on alterations of clinical and hemato-biochemical parameters before and after treatment in calves naturally infected with theileriosis.

Aim: The aim was to determine hemato-biochemical alterations and to determine the better treatment of theileriosis in naturally infected calves.

Materials And Methods: A total of 74 Holstein crossbred calves below 6 months of age, of either sex were included for present investigation in Bikaner. Based on the clinical examinations and laboratory results, 20 calves included for hemato-biochemical studies (before and after treatment) and divided into two groups (having 10 calves each).

Association of Household Wealth Index, Educational Status, and Social Capital with Hypertension Awareness, Treatment, and Control in South Asia.

Objective: Hypertension control rates are low in South Asia. To determine association of measures of socioeconomic status (wealth, education, and social capital) with hypertension awareness, treatment, and control among urban and rural subjects in these countries we performed the present study.

Methods: We enrolled 33,423 subjects aged 35-70 years (women 56%, rural 53%, low-education status 51%, low household wealth 25%, low-social capital 33%) in 150 communities in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh during 2003-2009.

Characterization of 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate synthase (IspG) from Plasmodium vivax and it's potential as an antimalarial drug target.

The prokaryotic type Methyl Erythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway functional in the apicoplast of Plasmodium is indispensable for the erythrocytic stages of the parasite. It is the sole process of isoprenoids biosynthesis in the parasite and is different from that in humans. Among the seven enzymes known to be functional in the MEP pathway in prokaryotes, most enzymes from Plasmodium are yet uncharacterized.

Design, construction and validation of a Plasmodium vivax microarray for the transcriptome profiling of clinical isolates.

High density oligonucleotide microarrays have been used on Plasmodium vivax field isolates to estimate whole genome expression. However, no microarray platform has been experimentally optimized for studying the transcriptome of field isolates. In the present study, we adopted both bioinformatics and experimental testing approaches to select best optimized probes suitable for detecting parasite transcripts from field samples and included them in designing a custom 15K P.

Strategies for Better Hypertension Control in India and Other Lower Middle Income Countries.

Hypertension is the most important cause of global burden of disease. It is highly prevalent in India and other low and lower-middle income countries. Prevalence of uncontrolled hypertension varies from 70-90% and is significantly greater in rural vs urban locations.

A cross strain Plasmodium falciparum microarray optimized for the transcriptome analysis of Plasmodium falciparum patient derived isolates.

Malarial parasite P. falciparum, an apicomplexan protozoan has a 23.3 MB nuclear genome and encodes ~ 5600 transcripts.

Molecular characterization of exon 3 of caprine myostatin gene in Marwari goat.

Aim: To estimate genetic variability in exon 3 of caprine myostatin gene in Marwari goats.

Materials And Methods: A total of 120 blood samples from unrelated Marwari goats were randomly collected from different villages of Bikaner (Rajasthan), India. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood using blood DNA isolation kit (Himedia Ltd.

Trends in Coronary Heart Disease Epidemiology in India.

Cardiovascular diseases, especially coronary heart disease (CHD), are epidemic in India. The Registrar General of India reported that CHD led to 17% of total deaths and 26% of adult deaths in 2001-2003, which increased to 23% of total and 32% of adult deaths in 2010-2013. The World Health Organization (WHO) and Global Burden of Disease Study also have highlighted increasing trends in years of life lost (YLLs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from CHD in India.

Pregnancy Outcome in Euthyroid Women with Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare pregnancy outcomes in euthyroid women who were anti-TPO Ab(+) with those who were anti-TPO Ab(-).

Design: This observational study comprised 1,000 women in the age group of 25-35 years, having normal thyroid function tests, normotensive, non-diabetic, singleton pregnancy and attending Gyn. OPD/ANC up to 20 weeks' gestation and those who were already in the process of abortion.

Polymorphism in spa gene of Staphylococcus aureus from bovine subclinical mastitis.

Aim: The virulence-associated protein-A of Staphylococcus aureus, encoded by spa gene shows a variation in length in different strains. In this study, the spa gene variation in S. aureus strains was studied which were isolated from subclinical cases of bovine mastitis.

Prevalence of Pragmatically Defined High CV Risk and its Correlates in LMIC: A Report From 10 LMIC Areas in Africa, Asia, and South America.

Background: Currently available tools for assessing high cardiovascular risk (HCR) often require measurements not available in resource-limited settings in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). There is a need to assess HCR using a pragmatic evidence-based approach.

Objectives: This study sought to report the prevalence of HCR in 10 LMIC areas in Africa, Asia, and South America and to investigate the profiles and correlates of HCR.

Microsatellite DNA typing for assessment of genetic variability in Marwari breed of Indian goat.

Aim: To estimate existing within-breed genetic variability in Marwari goats under field conditions and the generated data that can be used to determine genetic relationships with other breed of goats.

Materials And Methods: A total of 146 blood samples of goats of Marwari breed were randomly collected from genetically unrelated animals from different villages of Bikaner Districts of Rajasthan, India. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood using proteinase K-digestion followed by standard phenol-chloroform extraction procedure at room temperature and confirmed through horizontal electrophoresis on 0.

Typing of Staphylococcus aureus obtained from mastitic milk of cattle and buffalo on the basis of two virulence-associated genes (spa and clfA).

Aim: The present study was undertaken to type Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cattle and buffalo mastitic milk on the basis of spa (X-region) and clfA genes, both responsible for producing virulence factors.

Material And Methods: In the present investigation S. aureus isolates were isolated as per standard protocols.

Treatment and Prevention of Pandemic H1N1 Influenza.

Background: Swine influenza is a respiratory infection common to pigs worldwide caused by type A influenza viruses, principally subtypes H1N1, H1N2, H2N1, H3N1, H3N2, and H2N3. Swine influenza viruses also can cause moderate to severe illness in humans and affect persons of all age groups. People in close contact with swine are at especially high risk.

Structural and functional characterization of an iron-sulfur cluster assembly scaffold protein-SufA from Plasmodium vivax.

Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are utilized as prosthetic groups in all living organisms for diverse range of cellular processes including electron transport in respiration and photosynthesis, sensing of ambient conditions, regulation of gene expression and catalysis. In Plasmodium, two Fe-S cluster biogenesis pathways are reported, of which the Suf pathway in the apicoplast has been shown essential for the erythrocytic stages of the parasite. While the initial components of this pathway detailing the sulfur mobilization have been elucidated, the components required for the assembly and transfer of Fe-S clusters are not reported from the parasite.

Disparities in Prevalence of Cardiometablic Risk Factors in Rural, Urban-Poor, and Urban-Middle Class Women in India.

Objective: Urbanization is an important determinant of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. To determine location-based differences in CVD risk factors in India we performed studies among women in rural, urban-poor and urban middle-class locations.

Methods: Population-based cross-sectional studies in rural, urban-poor, and urban-middle class women (35-70 y) were performed at multiple sites.

Identification and in silico analysis of cattle DExH/D box RNA helicases.

The helicases are motor proteins participating in a range of nucleic acid metabolisms. RNA helicase families are characterized by the presence of conserved motifs. This article reports a comprehensive in silico analysis of Bos taurus DExH/D helicase members.