Protective effect of chitin and chitosan enriched diets on immunity and disease resistance in Cirrhina mrigala against Aphanomyces invadans.

The effect of diet enriched with 1% chitin or chitosan on innate immune response and disease resistance in Cirrhina mrigala against Aphanomyces invadans was investigated at weeks 1, 2, and 4. In the un-infected and infected groups the white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), haematocrit (Ht), lympocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils significantly increased when fed with 1% chitin (CH) or chitosan (CT) enriched diet from weeks 1 to 4 when compared to control; however, the haemoglobin (Hb) and thrombocytes significantly increased only on weeks 2 and 4. The total protein and albumin levels also significantly increased with any enriched diet on weeks 2 and 4; but the globulin and albumin:globulin ratio increased on week 4 as compared to control; similarly the phagocytic activity significantly increased on weeks 2 and 4 while the lysozyme activity increased from weeks 1 to 4.

2-(1H-Benzimidazol-2-yl)phenol.

The title mol-ecule, C13H10N2O, is essentially planar, the maximum deviation from the plane of the non-H atoms being 0.016 (2) Å. The imidazole ring makes a dihedral angle of 0.

1,3,5-Tri-p-tolyl-pentane-1,5-diol.

In the title compound, C26H30O2, the central benzene ring forms dihedral angles of 14.85 (15) and 28.17 (14)° with the terminal benzene rings.

2-(Naphthalen-1-yl)-1-phenyl-1H-benzimid-azole benzene hemisolvate.

In the title compound, C23H16N2·0.5C6H6, the benzimidazole unit [maximum deviation = 0.0258 (6) Å] and the naphthalene ring system [maximum deviation = 0.

1,5-Bis(4-chloro-phen-yl)-3-(4-methyl-phen-yl)pentane-1,5-dione.

In the title mol-ecule, C24H20Cl2O2, the central methyl-benzene ring forms dihedral angles of 42.47 (10) and 34.34 (10)° with the terminal 4-chloro-phenyl fragments.

7-Methyl-1-phenyl-1,10-di-hydro-pyrazolo-[3,4-a]carbazole.

In the title mol-ecule, C20H15N3, the atoms in the carbazole unit deviate from planarity [maximum deviation from mean plane = 0.1082 (15) Å]. The pyrrole ring makes dihedral angles of 3.

2-(1-Phenyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenol.

In the title mol-ecule, C19H14N2O, the benzimidazole unit is close to being planar [maximum deviation = 0.0253 (11) Å] and forms dihedral angles of 68.98 (6) and 20.

1,2-Diphenyl-1H-benzimidazole.

In the title mol-ecule, C19H14N2, the benzimidazole unit is close to being planar [maximum deviation = 0.0102 (6) Å] and forms dihedral angles of 55.80 (2) and 40.

(E)-2-[(Furan-2-yl)methyl-idene]-7-methyl-2,3,4,9-tetra-hydro-1H-carbazol-1-one.

In the title mol-ecule, C(18)H(15)NO(2), the atoms in the carbazole unit deviate from planarity [maximum deviation from mean plane = 0.1317 (12) Å]. The pyrrole ring makes dihedral angles of 1.

2-Methyl-3-(4-methyl-phen-yl)-5,6-diphenyl-2,3-dihydro-pyrazine.

In the title mol-ecule, C(24)H(22)N(2), four atoms (N-C-C-N) of the heterocyclic ring, with their attached H atoms, and all atoms of the methyl group, are disordered over two positions; the site-occupancy factor of the major component is 0.713 (6). The major disorder component of the heterocyclic ring adopts a half-chair conformation, with all substituents equatorial.

2-Ethyl-3,5,6-triphenyl-pyrazine.

In the title mol-ecule, C(24)H(20)N(2), the pyrazine ring is significantly distorted from planarity, presumably due to steric crowding, and its conformation is well described as a flattened twist-boat. The benzene ring adjacent to the ethyl group forms dihedral angles of 53.79 (13) and 85.

2-(4-Fluoro-phen-yl)-1-(4-methyl-phen-yl)-1H-phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazole.

The phenanthrene tricyclic ring system in the title mol-ecule, C(28)H(19)FN(2), is slightly skewed with a dihedral angle of 7.50 (6)° between the outer benzene rings. The p-tolyl and fluoro-benzene rings are twisted from the attached imidazole ring by 70.