Group 2 innate lymphocytes (ILC2) are enriched in active eosinophilic esophagitis.

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) produce high levels of IL-5 and IL-13, both of which are important pathogenic mediators in eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). ILC2s have not been previously described in EoE. Our study demonstrates the novel finding that ILC2s are increased in esophageal biopsies from EoE patients with active disease compared with inactive EoE and non-diseased controls, implicating these cells in EoE pathogenesis.

Increased ILC2s in the eosinophilic nasal polyp endotype are associated with corticosteroid responsiveness.

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) have recently been identified in human nasal polyps, but whether numbers of ILC2s differ by polyp endotype or are influenced by corticosteroid use is unknown. Here, we show that eosinophilic nasal polyps contained double the number of ILC2s vs. non-eosinophilic polyps.

Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells in Allergic Disease.

Type II innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) are a novel population of lineage-negative cells that produce high levels of Th2 cytokines IL-5 and IL-13. ILC2 are found in human respiratory and gastrointestinal tissue as well as in skin. Studies from mouse models of asthma and atopic dermatitis suggest a role for ILC2 in promoting allergic inflammation.

Allergen challenge in allergic rhinitis rapidly induces increased peripheral blood type 2 innate lymphoid cells that express CD84.

Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) produce high levels of Th2 cytokines. Our study demonstrates that cat allergen challenge in allergic rhinitis subjects rapidly induces increased peripheral blood ILC2.

Management of pediatric corneal limbal dermoids.

This paper reviews the data in the published literature (PubMed from 1937 to 2011) concerning the medical and surgical management of pediatric limbal dermoids. Current standard medical treatment for grade I pediatric limbal dermoids (ie, with superficial corneal involvment) is initially conservative. In stages II (ie, affecting the full thickness of the cornea with/without endothelial involvement) and III (ie, involvement of entire cornea and anterior chamber), a combination of excision, lamellar keratoplasty, and amniotic membrane and limbal stem cell tranplantation are advocated.

ACGME core competencies: where are we?

Beginning in July 2002, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) instructed all residency programs to require their residents to demonstrate competency in 6 core areas: patient care, interpersonal and communication skills, medical knowledge, professionalism, practice-based learning, and systems-based practice. The goal was to have objective markers of performance that would serve as a gauge to determine a program's accreditation. To determine the experiences of orthopedic residency programs with regard to the ACGME's core competencies, a national survey was administered to orthopedic program directors and selected orthopedic residents.