Exploring dual solutions and thermal conductivity in hybrid nanofluids: a comparative study of Xue and Hamilton-Crosser models.

Hybrid nanofluids show great potential for heat transport applications such as solar thermal systems, car cooling systems, heat sinks, and thermal energy storage. They possess better thermal stability and properties compared to standard nanofluids. In this study, a base fluid, methanol, is injected into an electrically conducting heat-generating/absorbing disk of permeable boundary, and dual solutions are obtained.