Assessment of fit of item response theory models: A critical review of the status quo and some future directions.

This paper provides a literature review of assessment of fit of item response theory models. Various types of fit procedures for item response theory models are reviewed, with a focus on their advantages and disadvantages. Real data examples are used to demonstrate some of the fit procedures.

Dietary or pharmacological inhibition of insulin-like growth factor-1 protects from renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice.

One-week protein restriction (PR) limits ischemia-reperfusion (IR) damages and improves metabolic fitness. Similarly, longer-term calory restriction results in increased lifespan, partly via reduced insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1. However, the influence of short-term PR on IGF-1 and its impact on IR are unknown.

Revisiting the Discrepancy between Experimental and Theoretical Predictions of the Adiabaticity of Ti + CHOH.

We revisit the naked transition metal cation (Ti) and methanol reaction and go beyond the standard Landau-Zener (LZ) picture when modeling the intersystem crossing (ISC) rate between the lowest doublet and quartet states. We use both (i) unconstrained Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (BOMD) calculations with an approximate two-state method to estimate population transfer between spin diabats and (ii) constrained dynamics to explore energetically accessible portions of the - 1 crossing seam, where is the total number of internal degrees of freedom. Whereas previous LZ calculations (that necessarily relied on the Condon approximation to be valid) fell short and predicted much slower crossing probabilities than shown in experiment, we show that ISC can occur rapidly because the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) between the doublet and quartet surfaces can vary by 2 orders of magnitude (depending on where in the seam the crossing occurs during dynamics) and the crossing region is revisited multiple times during a dynamics run of a few hundred femtoseconds.

Humans rationally balance detailed and temporally abstract world models.

How do people model the world's dynamics to guide mental simulation and evaluate choices? One prominent approach, the Successor Representation (SR), takes advantage of temporal abstraction of future states: by aggregating trajectory predictions over multiple timesteps, the brain can avoid the costs of iterative, multi-step mental simulation. Human behavior broadly shows signatures of such temporal abstraction, but finer-grained characterization of individuals' strategies and their dynamic adjustment remains an open question. We developed a task to measure SR usage during dynamic, trial-by-trial learning.

Urinary Kidney Injury Biomarker Profiles in Healthy Individuals and After Nephrotoxic and Ischemic Injury.

Two observational studies were conducted to support an initiative to qualify translational kidney safety biomarkers as clinical drug development tools that identify tubular injury prior to changes in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Normal healthy volunteers provided three morning spot urine collections over 4 weeks. Patients undergoing surgical resection and intrathoracic cisplatin for malignant pleural mesothelioma provided urine samples pre- and postoperatively at 4, 8, and 12 hours and daily for 6 days.

The impact of risk compensation adaptive behavior on the final epidemic size.

Public health interventions reduce infection risk, while imposing significant costs on both individuals and the society. Interventions can also lead to behavioral changes, as individuals weigh the cost and benefits of avoiding infection. Aggregate epidemiological models typically focus on the population-level consequences of interventions, often not incorporating the mechanisms driving behavioral adaptations associated with interventions compliance.

Extreme Synergy in the Random-Energy Model.

The random-energy model (REM), a solvable spin-glass model, has impacted an incredibly diverse set of problems, from protein folding to combinatorial optimization, to many-body localization. Here, we explore a new connection to secret sharing. We derive an analytic expression for the mutual information between any two disjoint thermodynamic subsystems of the REM.

Deriving a genetic regulatory network from an optimization principle.

Many biological systems operate near the physical limits to their performance, suggesting that aspects of their behavior and underlying mechanisms could be derived from optimization principles. However, such principles have often been applied only in simplified models. Here, we explore a detailed mechanistic model of the gap gene network in the embryo, optimizing its 50+ parameters to maximize the information that gene expression levels provide about nuclear positions.

Large language models can segment narrative events similarly to humans.

Humans perceive discrete events such as "restaurant visits" and "train rides" in their continuous experience. One important prerequisite for studying human event perception is the ability of researchers to quantify when one event ends and another begins. Typically, this information is derived by aggregating behavioral annotations from several observers.

Clinical Manifestations.

Background: Tau pathology is closely related to cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neurodegeneration is the putative mechanism by which tau leads to cognitive deficits. However, there is limited work on the associations between tau, neurodegeneration, and specific cognitive domains.

Clinical Manifestations.

Background: Interventional trials in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) are increasingly targeting early disease stages. To optimize the likelihood of successful outcomes for these trials, there is an important need for tools capable of identifying individuals prone to exhibit clinical progression throughout the course of the trial. The Expanded Brief Assessment of Cognition (Expanded-BAC) and the Virtual Reality Functional Capacity Assessment Tool - Short List (VRFCAT-SLx) are two computerized tests assessing cognitive and functional abilities, respectively.

Emergent Symmetry and Valley Chern Insulator in Twisted Double-Bilayer Graphene.

Theoretical calculations show that twisted double bilayer graphene (TDBG) under a transverse electric field develops a valley Chern number 2 at charge neutrality. Using thermodynamic and thermal activation measurements we report the experimental observation of a universal closing of the charge neutrality gap in the Hofstadter spectrum of TDBG at 1/2 magnetic flux per unit cell, in agreement with theoretical predictions for a valley Chern number 2 gap. Our theoretical analysis of the experimental data shows that the interaction energy, while larger than the flat-band bandwidth in TDBG near 1° does not alter the emergent valley symmetry or the single-particle band topology.

Quantum Turnstiles for Robust Measurement of Full Counting Statistics.

We present a scalable protocol for measuring full counting statistics (FCS) in experiments or tensor-network simulations. In this method, an ancilla in the middle of the system acts as a turnstile, with its phase keeping track of the time-integrated particle flux. Unlike quantum gas microscopy, the turnstile protocol faithfully captures FCS starting from number-indefinite initial states or in the presence of noisy dynamics.

Corner Charge Fluctuation as an Observable for Quantum Geometry and Entanglement in Two-Dimensional Insulators.

Measuring bipartite fluctuations of a conserved charge, such as the particle number, is a powerful approach to understanding quantum systems. When the measured region has sharp corners, the bipartite fluctuation receives an additional contribution known to exhibit a universal angle dependence in 2D isotropic and uniform systems. Here we establish that, for generic lattice systems of interacting particles, the corner charge fluctuation is directly related to quantum geometry.

Effects of brexpiprazole on patient life engagement in schizophrenia: analysis of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale data.

Objective: Patients with schizophrenia value improved life engagement, a term that describes positive health aspects across emotional, physical, social, and cognitive domains. This analysis of clinical trial data aimed to investigate the effect of brexpiprazole on patient life engagement in schizophrenia over the short and long term.

Methods: Data were pooled from three 6-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials (ClinicalTrials.

Electro-chemo-mechanics of anode-free solid-state batteries.

Anode-free solid-state batteries contain no active material at the negative electrode in the as-manufactured state, yielding high energy densities for use in long-range electric vehicles. The mechanisms governing charge-discharge cycling of anode-free batteries are largely controlled by electro-chemo-mechanical phenomena at solid-solid interfaces, and there are important mechanistic differences when compared with conventional lithium-excess batteries. This Perspective provides an overview of the factors governing lithium nucleation, growth, stripping and cycling in anode-free solid-state batteries, including mechanical deformation of lithium, the chemical and mechanical properties of the current collector, microstructural effects, and stripping dynamics.

Sub-terahertz metamaterial stickers for non-invasive fruit ripeness sensing.

Fruits and vegetables account for around a third of all food loss and waste. Post-harvest, retail and consumer losses and waste could be reduced with better ripeness assessment methods. Here we develop a sub-terahertz metamaterial sticker (called Meta-Sticker) that can be attached to a fruit to provide insights into the edible mesocarp's ripeness without cutting into the produce.

Demonstration of high-reconfigurability and low-power strong physical unclonable function empowered by FeFET cycle-to-cycle variation and charge-domain computing.

Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) are of immense potential in authentication scenarios for Internet of Things (IoT) devices. For creditable and lightweight PUF applications, key attributes, including low power, high reconfigurability and large challenge-response pair (CRP) space, are desirable. Here, we report a ferroelectric field-effect transistor (FeFET)-based strong PUF with high reconfigurability and low power, which leverages the FeFET cycle-to-cycle variation throughout the workflow and introduces charge-domain in-memory computing.

Change in kidney volume growth rate and renal outcomes of tolvaptan treatment in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: post-hoc analysis of TEMPO 3:4 trial.

Background: Despite of long-lasting tolvaptan treatment, individual renal outcomes are unclear in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). This post-hoc analysis of the TEMPO 3:4 trial aimed to evaluate the predictability of estimated height-adjusted total kidney volume growth rate (eHTKV-α) on renal outcomes.

Methods: In TEMPO 3:4, 1445 patients with ADPKD were randomised to tolvaptan or placebo for 3 years.

Relationship between wind speed and plant hydraulics at the global scale.

Wind is an important ecological factor for plants as it can increase evapotranspiration and cause dehydration. However, the impact of wind on plant hydraulics at a global scale remains unclear. Here we compiled plant key hydraulic traits, including water potential at 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity (P), xylem-specific hydraulic conductivity (K), leaf area to sapwood area ratio (A/A) and conduit diameter (D) with 2,786 species-at-site combinations across 1,922 woody species at 469 sites worldwide and analysed their correlations with wind speed.

Hypoxia traits imprinted in otolith δC from individual to global scales.

Hypoxia tolerance and its variation with temperature, activity, and body mass, are critical ecophysiological traits through which climate impacts marine ectotherms. To date, experimental determination of these traits is limited to a small subset of modern species. We leverage the close coupling of carbon and oxygen in animal metabolism to mechanistically relate these traits to the carbon isotopes in fish otoliths (δC).

Competitive social feedback amplifies the role of early life contingency in male mice.

Contingency (or "luck") in early life plays an important role in shaping individuals' development. By comparing the developmental trajectories of functionally genetically identical free-living mice who either experienced high levels of resource competition (males) or did not (females), we show that competition magnifies early contingency. Male resource competition results in a feedback loop that magnifies the importance of early contingency and pushes individuals onto divergent, self-reinforcing life trajectories, while the same process appears absent in females.