Torsemide as a Primary Choice in Edema Associated with Heart Failure.

Heart failure (HF) is the fastest-growing disease with a higher fatality rate. The most differentiating feature of HF is pulmonary or peripheral edema, which is characterized by a gradient between intravascular and extravascular pressure. Loop diuretics were chosen as the primary treatment for edema associated with HF due to their efficacy and early onset of action.

Does One Size Really Fit All? Morphometric Analysis of Distal Femur and Proximal Tibia in an Ethnic Indian Population and Correlation to the Sizing of Existing Total Knee Arthroplasty Implants.

Background: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has been proven to be a highly efficacious procedure for patients with end-stage osteoarthritis who have persistent symptoms not managed by conservative treatment. A large percentage of standard commercially available total knee arthroplasty (TKA) implants are imported and designed based on morphometric data of Western populations, which are known to have a larger build compared to their Asian counterparts. Hence, these prostheses may sometimes not be the best fit for Indian patients.

Medical postgraduate (MD) program in Laboratory Medicine in India: The Past, Present and Future.

A medical postgraduate course in the field of Laboratory Medicine for the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) degree holders has existed for more than two decades in India, initiated and offered by the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, which was created under the special Act of Parliament of India 1956. This course has recently been included in the draft of National Medical Commission's Post Graduate Regulation 2021 list of medical courses, and the foundation guidelines have been laid for other medical colleges and teaching hospitals across the country to start this course. This article, written purely in academic interest, describes the past, present and future of this postgraduate training program in India with an aim to answer several doubts regarding this unique and holistic course with a view to providing a direction to those who are willing to become a laboratory physician through this post-graduation.

Ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fractures: case series from a single Level-I trauma centre and review of literature.

Introduction: Uncommon but increasingly diagnosed, ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fracture represents a complex injury pattern with challenging management. The conundrum involves optimal diagnostic modality, timing of surgery, sequence of fixation, and the choice of implant.

Methodology: A retrospective review was conducted at a Level-I trauma centre to assess the outcome of concomitant femoral neck and shaft fractures managed with various implants and attempt to provide solutions to the aforementioned queries.

High Prevalence of Biofilms on Retrieved Implants from Aseptic Pseudarthrosis Cases.

Introduction: Recent literature has associated pseudarthrosis and pedicle screw loosening with subchronic infection at the pedicle of the vertebra. The positive culture results of a previous retrieval analysis show that such patients have a high frequency of bacterial contamination. The objective of this study is to visually capture the architecture of these undiagnosed infections, which have been described in other studies as biofilms on supposedly "aseptic" screw loosening.

Implant Retention or Removal for Management of Surgical Site Infection After Spinal Surgery.

Study Design: A literature review.

Objective: To summarize the implant removal rate, common bacterial organisms found, time of onset, ratio of superficial to deep infection, and regurgitating the prevalence among all the retrospective and prospective studies on management and characterization of surgical site infections (SSIs).

Methods: PubMed was searched for articles published between 2000 and 2018 on the management or characterization of SSIs after spinal surgery.

Unplanned return to operation room (OR) following growing spinal constructs (GSCs) in early onset scoliosis (EOS)-a multi-centric study.

Purpose: To evaluate the incidence and risk factors associated with the unplanned return to OR in EOS.

Methods: Medical records of 51 patients of EOS operated at three different centres using various types of GSCs were evaluated for complications requiring unplanned surgeries. Data were analysed to find out rate of unplanned surgeries in relation to the aetiology, age and Cobb angle at index surgery, type of implant, cause of unplanned surgery, and management required.

Device-Related Complications Associated with Magec Rod Usage for Distraction-Based Correction of Scoliosis.

Introduction: Recent literature identifies similar failure rates such as anchor pull-out and rod breakage, but a higher unplanned revision surgery with MAGEC rods than with traditional growth rods. Besides known failure modes such as rod fracture, infection, etc., failure to noninvasively distract the rods was cited as the main cause of such unplanned surgeries.

A Multicenter Trial Demonstrating Presence or Absence of Bacterial Contamination at the Screw-Bone Interface Owing to Absence or Presence of Pedicle Screw Guard, Respectively, During Spinal Fusion.

Study Design: A prospective multicenter study.

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess bacterial contamination in current practices of pedicle screw handling and comparing it to a novel method of using an intraoperative, sterile implant guard for screws.

Summary Of Background Data: Postoperative infections occur at the higher end of 2%-13%, as cited in the literature, and are underestimated due to various reasons in such publications.

Volume, conductivity, and scatter parameters of leukocytes as early markers of sepsis and treatment response.

Introduction: Morphologic changes in the size and granularity of leukocytes seen in sepsis could be measured using the volume, conductivity, and scatter (VCS parameters) from the automated hematology analyzers. The objective of this study is to find the clinical usefulness of VCS parameters as possible indicators of sepsis and to determine the effect of treatment on these parameters.

Methods: This observational study was conducted in a tertiary level hospital in India.

Neurological Recovery Pattern in Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy after Anterior Surgery: A Prospective Study with Literature Review.

Study Design: Prospective clinical study.

Purpose: The present study aimed to examine the neurological recovery pattern in cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) after anterior cervical decompression and compare it with the existing reports in the literature.

Overview Of Literature: Neurological recovery and regression of myelopathy symptoms is an important factor that determines the outcomes of surgical decompression.

Patient-specific Distraction Regimen to Avoid Growth-rod Failure.

Study Design: A finite element study to establish the relationship between patient's curve flexibility (determined using curve correction under gravity) in juvenile idiopathic scoliosis and the required distraction frequency to avoid growth rod fracture, as a function of time.

Objective: To perform a parametric analysis using a juvenile scoliotic spine model (single mid-thoracic curve with the apex at the eighth thoracic vertebra) and establish the relationship between curve flexibility (determined using curve correction under gravity) and the distraction interval that allows a higher factor of safety for the growth rods.

Summary Of Background Data: Previous studies have shown that frequent distraction with smaller magnitude of distractions are less likely to result in rod failure.

An Improved 2-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Method for Resolving Human Erythrocyte Membrane Proteins.

The 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) technique is widely used for the analysis of complex protein mixtures extracted from biological samples. It is one of the most commonly used analytical techniques in proteomics to study qualitative and quantitative protein changes between different states of a cell or an organism (eg, healthy and diseased), conditionally expressed proteins, posttranslational modifications, and so on. The 2-DE technique is used for its unparalleled ability to separate thousands of proteins simultaneously.

Outcomes of Optimal Distraction Forces and Frequencies in Growth Rod Surgery for Different Types of Scoliotic Curves: An In Silico and In vitro Study.

Objective: Analyze the effects of the distraction forces and frequencies on multiple representative scoliotic curves and to establish a relationship between high distraction forces and screw loosening.

Study Design: Multiple representative finite-element models of a juvenile scoliotic spine were used to study the effects of the magnitude and frequency of distraction on growth rods.

Methods: Simulation of 6 months of growth under various distraction forces to analyze the effects of distraction forces on the biomechanics of the scoliotic spine and growth rod instrumentation; simulation of 24 months of growth under various intervals of distraction to analyze the effects of the distraction interval on the propensity for rod fracture; in vitro study to assess screw loosening after 6 months.

An experimental analysis of the strength of the taper joint.

Background: The strength of the taper joint plays a vital role in orthopedics which takes the full load of our body. Till date various techniques has been used for the stem manufacturing and an alternative to all those has been presented in the article.

Objective: This Paper deals with the experimental analysis of the taper connection.

MRI of perianal fistulae: a pictorial kaleidoscope.

Perianal fistulae are an abnormal communication between the anorectum and the perianal skin. A seemingly benign condition, it can be a cause of considerable distress to the patient if it is not mapped out adequately before embarking upon surgical correction. The persistence of residual disease complicates and up-stages the grade of the remnant fistula with increased risk of anal incontinence following surgery secondary to damage to the anal sphincter complex.