First report of a chemokine from camelids: Dromedary CXCL8 is induced by poxvirus and heavy metal toxicity.

Low molecular weight proteins, known as chemokines, facilitate the migration and localization of immune cells to the site of infection and injury. One of the first chemokines identified, CXCL8 functions as a key neutrophil activator, recruiting neutrophils to sites of inflammation. Several viral infections, including zoonotic coronaviruses and poxviruses, have been reported to induce the expression of CXCL8.

The immunoglobulin A isotype of the Arabian camel () preserves the dualistic structure of unconventional single-domain and canonical heavy chains.

Introduction: The evolution of adaptive immunity in resulted in the concurrent expression of classic heterotetrameric and unconventional homodimeric heavy chain-only IgG antibodies. Heavy chain-only IgG bears a single variable domain and lacks the constant heavy (C) γ1 domain required for pairing with the light chain. It has not been reported whether this distinctive feature of IgG is also observed in the IgA isotype.

Case report: Spontaneous abortion of monoamniotic twins at the third trimester of pregnancy in .

Monoamniotic twins develop when a blastocyst spontaneously splits its progenitor cells, and each group of progenitor cells independently grows to become an individual. It is the rarest type of twin pregnancy and usually has significant developmental or congenital abnormalities, a higher rate of abortion, perinatal morbidity, and mortality. There is no information regarding monoamniotic twins in livestock species.

Alternative splicing variants of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) from Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) and their immune response against red spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV).

The Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING, also known as MITA/ERYS/MPYS) is an adaptor molecule that plays a crucial role in the RLR pathway and responds to DNA and RNA viruses. In the present study, we have identified two novel isoforms of STING (the canonical form named as LcSTINGa and its alternative splicing isoform named as LcSTINGb) from teleost Lates calcarifer. LcSTINGa has an ORF of 1230 bp, encoding a 409 amino acid protein, while its alternative splicing variant, LcSTINGb, features an ORF of 987 bp, encoding 328 amino acids.

Viperin from the dromedary camel: First report of an antiviral interferon-responsive gene from camelids.

Viral infections activate pattern recognition receptors in the host, triggering an innate immune response that involves the production of interferons, which, in turn, stimulates the expression of antiviral effector genes. Viperin is one of the most highly induced interferon-stimulated genes and displays broad antiviral activity, especially against tick-borne viruses. Of late, camelid-borne zoonotic viruses have been on the rise in the Arabian Peninsula, but research into camelid antiviral effector genes has been limited.

Characterization of two tripartite motif-containing genes from Asian Seabass Lates calcarifer and their expression in response to virus infection and microbial molecular motifs.

Objective: We identified two tripartite motif (TRIM) genes, LcTRIM21 and LcTRIM39, from the Asian Seabass Lates calcarifer, and examined their responses to experimental betanodavirus infection and stimulation with microbial pathogen-associated molecular patterns.

Methods: Genes encoding LcTRIM21 and LcTRIM39 were identified, cloned, and sequenced from the Asian Seabass. We analyzed the sequence using a variety of bioinformatics tools to determine protein structure, localization, and establish a phylogenetic tree.

Novel type-I interferons from the dromedary camel: Molecular identification, prokaryotic expression and functional characterization of camelid interferon-delta.

The last two decades have seen the emergence of three highly pathogenic coronaviruses with zoonotic origins, which prompted immediate attention to the underlying cause and prevention of future outbreaks. Intensification of camel husbandry in the Middle East has resulted in increased human-camel interactions, which has led to the spread of potentially zoonotic viruses with human spillover risks like MERS-coronavirus, camelpox virus, etc. Type-I interferons function as the first line of defense against invading viruses and are pivotal for limiting viral replication and immune-mediated pathologies.

Identification of two ISG15 homologues involved in host immune response against RGNNV in Asian seabass ().

Interferon Stimulated Gene (ISG)15 is a ubiquitin-like protein that is induced upon viral infections. Our study reports the identification of two homologues of ISG15 in the Asian seabass designated LcISG15A and LcISG15B. The cloned LcISG15A cDNA fragment contained a 474 bp ORF encoding a 157 amino acid protein whereas LcISG15B featured a 498 bp ORF encoding a slightly longer protein of 165 amino acids.

Antiviral radical SAM enzyme viperin homologue from Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer): Molecular characterisation and expression analysis.

The host response to virus infection is mediated by the interferon system and its workhorse effector proteins like Interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Viperin is an interferon-inducible antiviral protein. In the present study, an antiviral radical SAM enzyme, viperin homologue, was cloned and characterised from teleost, Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer).

Beta interferons from the extant camelids: Unique among eutherian mammals.

The COVID-19 pandemic is a wake-up call on the zoonotic viral spillover events and the need to be prepared for future outbreaks. Zoonotic RNA viruses like the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) are potential pathogens that could trigger the next pandemic. Dromedary camels are the only known animal source of MERS-CoV zoonotic infections, but little is known about the molecular antiviral response in this species.

Influence of PMSG on Superstimulation and Embryo Development Following Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer in Holstein Cows in the United Arab Emirates.

The present study investigated the effect of superstimulation to improve embryo production in the Gulf area, where the temperature is high. Holstein cows were classified into the control and superstimulation groups. Superstimulation was induced with a single intramuscular injection of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG; 2500 IU) on day 14 of the estrus cycle (day 0; estrus).

Comparison of pregnancy rate in dromedary camel between early-stage embryos and blastocyst transfer produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer using -matured oocytes.

We compared the pregnancy and live birth rates following transfer of early-stage embryos or blastocysts produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer using -matured oocytes. In total 102 ovaries were collected from dromedary camels at a local abattoir; from these 1048 cumulus-oocytes complexes (COCs) were aspirated and cultured for 42 h in a commercial maturation medium. Metaphase II oocytes were subjected to nuclear transfer.

The Resurrection of Mabrokan: Production of Multiple Cloned Offspring from Decade-Old Vitrified Tissue Collected from a Deceased Champion Show Camel.

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) provides a unique opportunity to reproduce animals with superior genetics. Viable cell lines are usually established from tissues collected by biopsy from living animals in the SCNT program. In the present study, tissues were collected and preserved from a suddenly deceased champion camel.

Comparison of pregnancy outcomes following the transfer of early-developmental stage embryos and blastocysts produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer in Camelus dromedarius.

The embryonic stage, site of embryo transfer in the reproductive tract of the surrogate, and embryo transfer method are important for the successful production of offspring. In the present study, there was comparison of pregnancy rates in camels following the surgical transfer of early-developmental stage embryos at Day 2 and transvaginal transfer of blastocysts at Day 7. Embryos were produced by somatic cell nuclear transfer using in vivo-matured oocytes and ear fibroblasts as donor cells.

Development and pregnancy rates of Camelus dromedarius-cloned embryos derived from in vivo- and in vitro-matured oocytes.

Objective: The present study evaluated the efficiency of embryo development and pregnancy of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos using different source-matured oocytes in Camelus dromedarius.

Methods: Camelus dromedarius embryos were produced by SCNT using in vivo- and in vitro- matured oocytes. In vitro embryo developmental capacity of reconstructed embryos was evaluated.

Blastocyst formation, embryo transfer and breed comparison in the first reported large scale cloning of camels.

Cloning, through somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), has the potential for a large expansion of genetically favorable traits in a population in a relatively short term. In the present study we aimed to produce multiple cloned camels from racing, show and dairy exemplars. We compared several parameters including oocyte source, donor cell and breed differences, transfer methods, embryo formation and pregnancy rates and maintenance following SCNT.

Cell Source-Dependent In Vitro Chondrogenic Differentiation Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Established from Bone Marrow and Synovial Fluid of .

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising multipotent cells with applications for cartilage tissue regeneration in stem cell-based therapies. In cartilage regeneration, both bone marrow (BM-MSCs) and synovial fluid (SF-MSCs) are valuable sources. However, the cellular characteristics and chondrocyte differentiation potential were not reported in either of the camel stem cells.

Comparative Study of Biological Characteristics, and Osteoblast Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Established from Skeletal Muscle, Dermal Skin, and Adipose Tissues.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) showed in vitro mesoderm-lineage differentiation and self-renewal capacity. However, no comparative study was reported on the biological characteristics of stem cells derived from skeletal muscle (SM-MSCs), dermal skin (DS-MSCs), and adipose tissues (A-MSCs) from a single donor in camels. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of MSCs source on stem cell characteristics.

Nucleic Acid and Immunological Diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2: Processes, Platforms and Pitfalls.

Accurate diagnosis at an early stage of infection is essential for the successful management of any contagious disease. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus is a pandemic that has affected 214 countries affecting more than 37.4 million people causing 1.

Camelid type I interferons: Identification and functional characterization of interferon alpha from the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius).

Investigations into the molecular immune response of dromedary camel, a key livestock species of the arid, have been limited due to the lack of species-specific reagents. Here we describe for the first time, the identification and characterization of type I IFNs of dromedary camel, which are the most important cytokines in the innate host immune response against viruses. We cloned camel IFN-α coding sequences and identified a total of eleven subtypes.

Development and evaluation of a simple and effective real time PCR assay for mitochondrial quantification in racing camels.

Camel racing is a popular sport in the Middle East region, where the demand is high for racing camels with higher stamina and endurance. Devising a technique to measure oxidative capacity and endurance in camels should be useful. Mitochondria are highly specialized organelles involved in metabolism in all higher organisms for sustaining life and providing energy for physical functions.

Gelatin Binding Proteins in Reproductive Physiology.

In order to advance the assisted reproductive technologies used in animals and human beings, it is important to accumulate basic informations about underlying molecular mechanisms that shape the biological processes of reproduction. From within seminal plasma, proteins perform a wide variety of distinct functions that regulate major reproductive events such as fertilization. The ability of such proteins to bind and interact with different antagonistic ions and biomolecules such as polysaccharides, lipids, and other proteins present in the male and female reproductive tract define these capabilities.

Identification of interleukin-26 in the dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius): Evidence of alternative splicing and isolation of novel splice variants.

Interleukin-26 (IL-26) is a member of the IL-10 family of cytokines. Though conserved across vertebrates, the IL-26 gene is functionally inactivated in a few mammals like rat, mouse and horse. We report here the identification, isolation and cloning of the cDNA of IL-26 from the dromedary camel.

Quantitative analysis of toxic and essential elements in human hair. Clinical validity of results.

Over the last three decades, there has been an increasing awareness of environmental and occupational exposures to toxic or potentially toxic trace elements. The evolution of biological monitoring includes knowledge of kinetics of toxic and/or essential elements and adverse health effects related to their exposure. The debate whether a hair is a valid sample for biomonitoring or not is still attracting the attention of analysts, health care professionals, and environmentalists.