Cognition, Emotional Health, and Immunological Markers in Children With Long-Term Nonprogressive HIV.

Background: HIV-infected children with long-term nonprogressive (LTNP) disease eventually convert to a progressive disease type, yet the extent to which these children experience the cognitive and emotional symptoms observed in typical progressive HIV (Progressors) is unknown.

Methods: Eighty-eight LTNPs, 53 Progressors, and 323 healthy controls completed annual assessments of cognitive and emotional health as part of a prospective study. The 2 HIV-infected groups and the healthy controls were matched on age and sex distribution at enrollment.

Structural Neuroimaging and Neuropsychologic Signatures in Children With Vertically Acquired HIV.

Background: Children with vertically acquired HIV exhibit persistent cognitive impairments, yet the corresponding neuroimaging signature of vertical infection remains unclear.

Methods: Fifty healthy control children and 51 vertically infected children were included in the study. The HIV-infected group consisted of survivors who had not received antiretroviral therapy at birth.

Brief Report: AIDS-Defining Events and Deaths in HIV-Infected Children and Adolescents on Antiretrovirals: A 14-Year Study in Thailand.

Background: Data are scarce on the long-term clinical outcomes of perinatally HIV-infected children and adolescents receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in low/middle-income countries. We assessed the incidence of mortality before (early) and after (late) 6 months of ART and of the composite outcome of new/recurrent AIDS-defining event or death >6 months after ART start (late AIDS/death) and their associated factors.

Methods: Study population was perinatally HIV-infected children (≤18 years) initiating ART within the Program for HIV Prevention and Treatment observational cohort (NCT00433030).

Risk Factors for Incomplete Excision after Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (LEEP) in Abnormal Cervical Cytology.

Objective: To investigate the risk factors related to incomplete excision after loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) in abnormal cervical cytology. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was performed during September 2010 to February 2017. The study population was patients with abnormal cervical cytology who treated by LEEP at Prapokklao hospital, Chanthaburi.

Treatment Outcomes of Third-line Antiretroviral Regimens in HIV-infected Thai Adolescents.

Background: Efficacy and safety data of third-line antiretroviral (ARV) regimens in adolescents are limited.

Methodology: This study enrolled HIV-infected Thais who were treated with third-line regimens consisting of darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r), etravirine (ETR), tipranavir/ritonavir or raltegravir.

Results: Fifty-four adolescents 2-17 years of age were enrolled from 8 sites and followed for 48 weeks.

Incidence of Tuberculosis and Associated Mortality in a Cohort of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy.

Background.: We assessed the incidence of tuberculosis, risk factors for tuberculosis, and the contribution of tuberculosis on mortality in a large cohort of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children <15 years of age initiating first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) between 1999 and 2012 in Thailand, one of the 22 high tuberculosis burden countries.

Methods.

High Rate of Gangrenous Adnexal Torsion: Dilemma of a Missing Silent Cancer.

Background: Adnexal torsion results in ischemia of structures distal to twisted pedicle and acute onset of pain is responsible for about 3% of all gynecologic emergencies. Ovarian torsion classically occurs in a pathological enlarged ovary, as with cancer, but diagnosis remains a challenge. Objective: Our purpose was to evaluate clinical risk factors predictive of torsion with gangrenous adnexa.

Comparison of a new optical biometer and a standard biometer in cataract patients.

Background: Cataract surgery is the most common surgical procedure in ophthalmology. Biometry data and accurate intraocular lens (IOL) calculations are very important in achieving the desired refractive outcomes. The aim of this study was to compare measurements using a new optical low coherence reflectometry (OLCR) biometer (OA-2000) and the gold standard partial coherence interferometry (PCI) optical biometer (IOLMaster 500).

Prevalence and Risk Assessment of Cervical Cancer Screening by Papanicolaou Smear and Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid for Pregnant Women at a Thai Provincial Hospital.

Background: Cervical cancer is the second most common in Thailand, but the mortality rate may be rising yearly. It is a cancer that can be prevented by early screening for precancerous lesions, several methods being available.

Objective: To identify the prevalence of abnormal Papanicolaou (Pap) smears and lesions with visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) in pregnant women and assess risk factors for this group.

Low-dose versus standard-dose ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in virologically suppressed Thai adults with HIV (LASA): a randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial.

Background: Thai patients with HIV have higher exposure to HIV protease inhibitors than do white people and dose reduction might be possible. We compared the efficacy of low-dose with standard-dose ritonavir-boosted atazanavir in virologically suppressed Thai patients with HIV.

Methods: In this randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial, we recruited patients aged 18 years or older who were receiving ritonavir-boosted protease-inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) with HIV plasma viral loads of less than 50 copies per mL, an alanine aminotransferase concentration of less than 200 IU/L, and a creatinine clearance of at least 60 mL/min from 14 hospitals in Thailand.

Soluble CD163 and monocyte populations in response to antiretroviral therapy and in relationship with neuropsychological testing among HIV-infected children.

Background: Monocytes play a central role in HIV neuropathogenesis, but there are limited data on monocyte subsets and markers of monocyte activation in perinatally HIV-infected children.

Objective: To determine the relationship between monocyte subsets, the sCD163 monocyte activation marker, and neuropsychological performance among perinatally HIV-infected children initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Methods: ART-naïve children from the PREDICT study were categorised into two groups: those on ART for ≥24 weeks (ART group, =201) and those untreated (no ART group, =79).

A Population Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Model Predicts Favorable HDL Cholesterol Changes Over the First 5 Years in Children Treated With Current Efavirenz-Based Regimens.

Efavirenz use is associated with changes in cholesterol concentrations, but it is unclear whether this effect is related to drug concentrations. Using efavirenz and cholesterol plasma concentrations measured in 87 antiretroviral-naive children in Thailand, we assessed indirect response models to describe the evolution of high- and low-density lipoprotein (HDL, LDL) cholesterol concentrations in relation to efavirenz plasma concentrations over time where efavirenz was assumed to either stimulate cholesterol production or inhibit its elimination. Simulations of cholesterol evolution for children with different average efavirenz concentrations (Cav ) according to their assumed status of "fast" or "slow" metabolizers of efavirenz were performed.

Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) in Leptospirosis Acute Kidney Injury: A Multicenter Study in Thailand.

AKI is one of the most serious complications of leptospirosis, an important zoonosis in the tropics. Recently, NGAL, one of the novel AKI biomarkers, is extensively studied in various specific settings such as sepsis, cardiac surgery, and radiocontrast nephropathy. In this multicenter study, we aimed to study the role of NGAL as an early marker and an outcome predictor of leptospirosis associated AKI.

Colposcopy Requirement of Papanicolaou Smear after Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance (ASC-US) by Follow-up Protocol in an Urban Gynaecology Clinic, a Retrospective Study in Thailand.

Background: ASC-US cases are managed according to the current American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP) guideline in which a human papillomavirus (HPV) test and repeat Pap smear are performed in the next 1 year. Colposcopy in cases of positive high risk HPV and persistent ASC-US or more in subsequent Pap smear is recommended. The HPV test is more expensive and still not currently a routine practice in Thailand.

New-Onset Diabetes and Antiretroviral Treatments in HIV-Infected Adults in Thailand.

Background: Use of several antiretrovirals (ARVs) has been shown to be associated with a higher risk of diabetes in HIV-infected adults. We estimated the incidence of new-onset diabetes and assessed the association between individual ARVs and ARV combinations, and diabetes in a large cohort in Thailand.

Methods: We selected all HIV-1-infected, nondiabetic, antiretroviral-naive adults enrolled in the Program for HIV Prevention and Treatment cohort (NCT00433030) between January 2000 and December 2011.

Anal papanicolaou smear in women with abnormal cytology: a thai hospital experience.

Background: Anal intraepithelial lesions (AIL) are likely to represent a precursor for anal cancer. Women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may be at higher risk of anal cancer but a screening program for AIL still is not routinely recommended. We here studied the relationship of dysplastic cells from cervical and anal cytology in HIV-infected women.

A knotless, one-haptic fixation of posterior chamber intraocular lenses: one-year results.

Aim: To assess the results of a modified technique for scleral fixation of a posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) in eyes which had deficient of posterior capsular support.

Methods: This retrospective study was comprised of ten patients with deficient posterior capsular support who underwent one-haptic fixation of posterior chamber IOLs, between February 2010 and October 2011. IOL as implanted with one haptic supported on the capsular remnant and the other haptic drawn into the sulcus by anchoring suture without a knot.

An autochthonous case of severe Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in Thailand.

A 58-year-old Thai man was infected with Plasmodium knowlesi in Chantaburi Province, eastern Thailand. In addition to pyrexia, the patient developed hypotension, renal failure, jaundice, and severe thrombocytopenia. The parasitemia at the time of admission was 16.

Prevalence of abnormal anal cytology in HIV-infected women: a hospital-based study.

Background: To study the prevalence of abnormal anal cytology by Papanicolaou (Pap) technique in HIV- infected women who attended a HIV clinic at Prapokklao Hospital, Chanthaburi, Thailand.

Materials And Methods: HIV-infected women who attended a HIV clinic at Prapokklao Hospital from March 2013 to February 2014 were recruited for anal Pap smears. Participants who had abnormal results of equally or over "abnormal squamous/glandular cells of undetermined significance" (ASC-US) were classified as abnormal anal cytology.

Superior subconjunctival anesthesia versus retrobulbar anesthesia for manual small-incision cataract surgery in a residency training program: a randomized controlled trial.

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of subconjunctival anesthesia as compared to retrobulbar anesthesia for pain control during manual small-incision cataract surgery (MSICS) performed by third-year residents.

Design: A randomized, controlled trial.

Patients And Methods: A total of 150 patients undergoing routine cataract surgery were randomly assigned to receive either subconjunctival anesthesia (group 1, n = 75) or retrobulbar anesthesia (group 2, n = 75).

Visual outcome of manual small-incision cataract surgery: comparison of modified Blumenthal and Ruit techniques.

Aim: To compare the efficacy and visual results of the modified Blumenthal and Ruit techniques for manual small-incision cataract surgery (MSICS).

Methods: This was a prospective, non-randomized comparison of 129 patients with senile cataracts scheduled to undergo routine cataract surgery via either a superior scleral tunnel incision, i.e.

Combined 20-gauge and 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy for the management of posteriorly dislocated lens: a case series.

Objective: To present a new surgical approach for the management of posteriorly dislocated lens by using a combination of 20-gauge (20G) and 23-gauge (23G) pars plana vitrectomy.

Design: An interventional case series

Methods: This technique was performed on six patients (five men, one woman; mean age, 66.67 years; range, 66-72 years).

Sutureless large-incision manual cataract extraction using the kongsap technique: outcome of a prospective study.

Aim: To report the short- and medium-term outcomes of sutureless large-incision manual cataract extraction using the Kongsap (SLIMCE-K) technique.

Methods: This prospective study included 73 eyes of 73 patients who underwent cataract surgery performed by using the SLIMCE-K technique. The postoperative visual acuity, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and endothelial cell loss were evaluated.

Double nylon loop for manual small-incision cataract surgery.

Manual small-incision cataract surgery using a double nylon loop technique is described. After capsulorhexis, hydrodissection, and hydrodelamination, the hard core of the nucleus is moved into the anterior chamber and divided into 3 pieces by a double nylon loop. Each piece is removed through a 4.