Do pictures' emotional valence and arousal affect younger and older adults' narratives?

Emotional content, specifically negative valence, can differentially influence speech production in younger and older adults' autobiographical narratives, which have been interpreted as reflecting age differences in emotion regulation. However, age differences in emotional reactivity are another possible explanation, as younger and older adults frequently differ in their affective responses to negative and positive pictures. The present experiment investigated whether a picture's valence (pleasantness) and arousal (intensity) influenced older adults' production of narratives about those pictures.

Age-related differences in the evaluation of highly arousing language.

Emotional properties of words can profoundly affect their processing, depending on both the valence (pleasantness) and the degree of arousal (excitation) that the word elicits. Words that are strongly emotionally arousing (such as taboo words) can interfere with subsequent language processing (White & Abrams, 2021). However, little is known about whether or how aging affects the processing of highly arousing language.

Adult age differences in language, communication, and learning from text.

This is an introduction to the special issue "Adult Age Differences in Language, Communication, and Learning from Text." These articles illustrate the great variety of language use through the adult lifespan, tell us a little more-and invite further inquiry. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

A Comparison of Google and ChatGPT for Automatic Generation of Health-related Multiple-choice Questions.

Critical to producing accessible content is an understanding of what characteristics affect understanding and comprehension. To answer this question, we are producing a large corpus of health-related texts with associated questions that can be read or listened to by study participants to measure the difficulty of the underlying content, which can later be used to better understand text difficulty and user comprehension. In this paper, we examine methods for automatically generating multiple-choice questions using Google's related questions and ChatGPT.

Effects of Added Emphasis and Pause in Audio Delivery of Health Information.

Health literacy is crucial to supporting good health and is a major national goal. Audio delivery of information is becoming more popular for informing oneself. In this study, we evaluate the effect of audio enhancements in the form of information emphasis and pauses with health texts of varying difficulty and we measure health information comprehension and retention.

Text and Audio Simplification: Human vs. ChatGPT.

Text and audio simplification to increase information comprehension are important in healthcare. With the introduction of ChatGPT, evaluation of its simplification performance is needed. We provide a systematic comparison of human and ChatGPT simplified texts using fourteen metrics indicative of text difficulty.

Effects of Lexical Properties in L2 Chinese Compound Processing: A Multivariate Approach.

Previous studies on L2 (i.e., second language) Chinese compound processing have focused on the relative efficiency of two routes: holistic processing versus combinatorial processing.

GAGE-seq concurrently profiles multiscale 3D genome organization and gene expression in single cells.

The organization of mammalian genomes features a complex, multiscale three-dimensional (3D) architecture, whose functional significance remains elusive because of limited single-cell technologies that can concurrently profile genome organization and transcriptional activities. Here, we introduce genome architecture and gene expression by sequencing (GAGE-seq), a scalable, robust single-cell co-assay measuring 3D genome structure and transcriptome simultaneously within the same cell. Applied to mouse brain cortex and human bone marrow CD34 cells, GAGE-seq characterized the intricate relationships between 3D genome and gene expression, showing that multiscale 3D genome features inform cell-type-specific gene expression and link regulatory elements to target genes.

Antagonistic interactions of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella under simultaneous warming and acidification.

There is a concern that harmful algal bloom (HAB) species may increase under climate change. Yet, we lack understanding of how ecological interactions will be affected under ocean warming and acidification (OWA) conditions. We tested the antagonistic effects of three strains of the dinoflagellate HAB species Alexandrium catenella on three target species (the chlorophyte Tetraselmis sp.

The Politics of School Reopening During COVID-19: A Multiple Case Study of Five Urban Districts in the 2020-21 School Year.

Nearly all schools in the United States closed in spring 2020, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyze traditional public and charter school reopenings for the 2020-21 school year in five urban districts. We provide a rich and theoretically grounded description of how and why educational leaders made reopening decisions in each of our case districts.

Quantitative noninvasive measurement of cerebrospinal fluid flow in shunted hydrocephalus.

Objective: Standard MRI protocols lack a quantitative sequence that can be used to evaluate shunt-treated patients with a history of hydrocephalus. The objective of this study was to investigate the use of phase-contrast MRI (PC-MRI), a quantitative MR sequence, to measure CSF flow through the shunt and demonstrate PC-MRI as a useful adjunct in the clinical monitoring of shunt-treated patients.

Methods: The rapid (96 seconds) PC-MRI sequence was calibrated using a flow phantom with known flow rates ranging from 0 to 24 mL/hr.

Tectonic trigger to the first major extinction of the Phanerozoic: The early Cambrian Sinsk event.

The Cambrian explosion, one of the most consequential biological revolutions in Earth history, occurred in two phases separated by the Sinsk event, the first major extinction of the Phanerozoic. Trilobite fossil data show that Series 2 strata in the Ross Orogen, Antarctica, and Delamerian Orogen, Australia, record nearly identical and synchronous tectono-sedimentary shifts marking the Sinsk event. These resulted from an abrupt pulse of contractional supracrustal deformation on both continents during the trilobite Zone.

Synthesis of 2-arylpyridines by the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of PyFluor with hetero(aryl) boronic acids and esters.

The Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of pyridine-2-sulfonyl fluoride (PyFluor) with hetero(aryl) boronic acids and pinacol boronic esters is reported. The reactions can be performed using Pd(dppf)Cl as the catalyst, at temperatures between 65 and 100 °C and in the presence of water and oxygen. This transformation generates 2-arylpyridines in modest to good yields (5%-89%).

A Systematic Review of the Neurocognitive Effects of Psychedelics in Healthy Populations: Implications for Depressive Disorders and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.

Objective: This study aims to provide an overview of pharmacological trials that examine the neurocognitive effects of psychedelics among healthy individuals and patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or major depressive disorder (MDD).

Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) was used as a guide to structure and report the findings for this review. A literature search included the MEDLINE database up until December 2022.

Culturally adapting relational savoring: A therapeutic approach to improve relationship quality.

Relational savoring (RS) is a brief, strengths-based approach to heightening attentional focus to moments of positive connectedness within relationships. RS can be administered preventatively or within an intervention context when a therapist aspires to foster more optimal relational functioning. Typically administered within a one-on-one therapy setting, RS has demonstrated efficacy in enhancing intra- and interpersonal outcomes.

The Cambrian microfossil Qingjiangonema reveals the co-evolution of sulfate-reducing bacteria and the oxygenation of Earth's surface.

Sulfate reduction is an essential metabolism that maintains biogeochemical cycles in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Sulfate reducers are exclusively prokaryotic, phylogenetically diverse, and may have evolved early in Earth's history. However, their origin is elusive and unequivocal fossils are lacking.

Backspin in does not maximize seed dispersal range, but provides moderate dispersal range that is robust to launch conditions.

is a perennial herb whose fruits explosively dehisce, launching their thin disc-like seeds over 6 m with a backspin up to 1660 Hz. While it has been previously shown that the backspin launch orientation minimizes the aerodynamic drag experienced by the seeds, it is not immediately obvious whether backspin is also the range-maximizing launch orientation. Here the three-dimensional equation of motion of a thin, spinning disc flying through a fluid medium was derived and solved numerically to simulate the flight of seeds of under different launch conditions.

Discovery of Red-Shifting Mutations in Firefly Luciferase Using High-Throughput Biochemistry.

luciferase (FLuc) has proven a valuable tool for bioluminescence imaging, but much of the light emitted from the native enzyme is absorbed by endogenous biomolecules. Thus, luciferases displaying red-shifted emission enable higher resolution during deep-tissue imaging. A robust model of how protein structure determines emission color would greatly aid the engineering of red-shifted mutants, but no consensus has been reached to date.

Dimensionality of locomotor behaviors in developing C. elegans.

Adult animals display robust locomotion, yet the timeline and mechanisms of how juvenile animals acquire coordinated movements and how these movements evolve during development are not well understood. Recent advances in quantitative behavioral analyses have paved the way for investigating complex natural behaviors like locomotion. In this study, we tracked the swimming and crawling behaviors of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans from postembryonic development through to adulthood.

Corrigendum: Aesthetic experience models human learning.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.

Order-of-Mutation Effects on Cancer Progression: Models for Myeloproliferative Neoplasm.

In some patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), two genetic mutations are often found: JAK2 V617F and one in the TET2 gene. Whether one mutation is present influences how the other subsequent mutation will affect the regulation of gene expression. In other words, when a patient carries both mutations, the order of when they first arose has been shown to influence disease progression and prognosis.

Relating Tabooness to Humor and Arousal Ratings in American English: What the F*** Is so Funny?

Emotion can have a profound effect on language processing, and taboo words have been increasingly used in research as highly emotional, negatively valenced stimuli. However, because taboo words as a lexical category are socially constructed and semantically idiosyncratic, they may also have complex emotional characteristics. This complexity may not be fully considered by researchers using taboo words as research stimuli.

Light at the end of the tunnel: Innovative opportunities for saving tropical biodiversity.

The expansion of roads into wilderness areas and biodiversity hotspots in the Global South seems inevitable and is predicted to bring about significant biodiversity loss. Even so, existing widespread strategies aiming to mitigate the direct and indirect impacts of roads on the environment have been of limited effectiveness. These tactics, including construction of fencing, wildlife crossings on paved roads, and establishment of protected areas along the roads, are unlikely to be sufficient for protecting diverse species assemblages from roadkill, habitat fragmentation, and anthropogenic activity in tropics.

Engagement With Remote Delivery Channels in a Physical Activity Intervention for Senior Women in the US.

Purpose: Identify the effects of engagement with different intervention delivery channels on physical activity (PA), and the participant subgroups engaging with the different channels, among Women's Health Initiative Strong and Healthy () PA trial participants.

Design: Secondary analysis of data from , a pragmatic trial that used passive randomized consent.

Setting: United States (remote intervention in all 50 states).