First Report of Cotton Leafroll Dwarf Virus Infecting Hibiscus syriacus in South Korea.

Three cotton leafroll dwarf virus (CLRDV; genus Polerovirus, family Solemoviridae) genotypes have recently been identified (Tabassum et al., 2021; Ramos-Sobrinho et al., 2021).

Identification of Plant Viruses Infecting Pear Using RNA Sequencing.

Asian pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) is a widely cultivated and commercially important fruit crop, which is occasionally subject to severe economic losses due to latent viral infections. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine and provide a comprehensive overview of virus populations infecting a major pear cultivar ('Singo') in Korea. From June 2017 to October 2019, leaf samples (n = 110) of pear trees from 35 orchards in five major pear-producing regions were collected and subjected to RNA sequencing.

Non-toxic sulfur inhibits LPS-induced inflammation by regulating TLR-4 and JAK2/STAT3 through IL-6 signaling.

Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and STAT3 signaling is considered a major pathway in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑induced inflammation. Toll‑like receptor 4 (TLR‑4) is an inflammatory response receptor that activates JAK2 during inflammation. STAT3 is a transcription factor for the pro‑inflammatory cytokine IL‑6 in inflammation.

Rapid and Specific Detection of by Reverse Transcription-recombinase Polymerase Amplification.

(ASGV) is considered to cause the most economically important viral disease in pears in Korea. The current PCR-based methods used to diagnose ASGV are time-consuming in terms of target detection. In this study, a novel assay for specific ASGV detection that is based on reverse transcription-recombinase polymerase amplification is described.

Antibody responses in mice stimulated by various doses of the potato-derived major surface antigen of hepatitis B virus.

The ability of potato-derived major surface antigen of hepatitis B virus (P-HBsAg) to elicit antibody responses to different dosages of P-HBsAg ranging from 0.02 to 30 μg administered orally in mice was examined. All immunized groups produced specific serum IgG and fecal IgA antibodies against P-HBsAg, even at low levels (<5 μg), after administration of a 0.

First Report of Soybean yellow mottle mosaic virus in Soybean in North America.

Soybean yellow mottle mosaic virus (SYMMV) is a soybean-infecting virus recently discovered in Korea that initially induces bright yellow mosaic on leaves followed by stunting and reduced growth of older leaves (1). Nucleotide sequence analysis of genomic RNA of the Korean SYMMV isolate suggested that the virus is a new member of the genus Carmovirus in the family Tombusviridae. To determine whether SYMMV is present in the United States, single leaflets were collected without regard for symptoms from 7 to 10 plants in each of 136 plots in August 2008 from a research field in Stoneville, MS that contained 16 plant introductions (including five from Korea) and 'Williams 82'.

Polyamine biosynthesis regulated by StARD expression plays an important role in potato wound periderm formation.

An acireductone dioxygenase (ARD) gene of potatoes was isolated from the expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of potato post-suberization cDNA libraries. The highest expression levels of the StARD gene and the protein appeared 36 h after suberization. An approximate 9-fold increase in ARD activity was detected at 36 h after wounding.

Ectopic expression of pepper CaPF1 in potato enhances multiple stresses tolerance and delays initiation of in vitro tuberization.

Ethylene-responsive factors (ERFs) are plant-specific transcription factors, many of which have been linked to plant defense responses. However, little is known about the functional significance of ERF genes in potato plants compared to the model plant species Arabidopsis. We show here that overexpression of CaPF1, an ERF/AP2-type pepper transcription factor gene, effectively increased tolerance to freezing, heat, heavy metal, and oxidative stress in potatoes.

Integration of cytogenetic and genetic linkage maps unveils the physical architecture of tomato chromosome 2.

We report the integration of the linkage map of tomato chromosome 2 with a high-density bacterial artificial chromosome fluorescence in situ hybridization (BAC-FISH)-based cytogenetic map. The euchromatic block of chromosome 2 resides between 13 and 142 cM and has a physical length of 48.12 microm, with 1 microm equivalent to 540 kb.

Development of patatin knockdown potato tubers using RNA interference (RNAi) technology, for the production of human-therapeutic glycoproteins.

Background: Patatins encoded by a multi-gene family are one of the major storage glycoproteins in potato tubers. Potato tubers have recently emerged as bioreactors for the production of human therapeutic glycoproteins (vaccines). Increasing the yield of recombinant proteins, targeting the produced proteins to specific cellular compartments, and diminishing expensive protein purification steps are important research goals in plant biotechnology.

Elevated H(2)O (2) production via overexpression of a chloroplastic Cu/ZnSOD gene of lily (Lilium oriental hybrid 'Marco Polo') triggers ethylene synthesis in transgenic potato.

Transgenic potato plants (SS2 and SS4) that overexpressed a chloroplastic copper/zinc superoxide dismutase lily gene were utilized as an H(2)O(2)-inducible system in order to study the role of H(2)O(2) as a signaling molecule in the biosynthesis of ethylene. SS2 and SS4 plants grown in vitro under sealed microenvironment (SME) conditions displayed anomalous phenotypes including reduction of stem elongation, radial stem growth, and promotion of root hair formation in the generated root, which were similar to ethylene-induced responses. In addition, SS4 plants showed severe vitrification in developing leaves and elevated ethylene production under SME conditions.

Molecular characterization of a pepper C2 domain-containing SRC2 protein implicated in resistance against host and non-host pathogens and abiotic stresses.

Plants guard themselves against pathogen attack using multi-layered defense mechanism. Calcium represents an important secondary messenger during such defense responses. Upon examination of a pepper cDNA library, we observed that the gene CaSRC2-1 (Capsicum annum SRC2-1) was upregulated significantly in response to infection with the type II non-host pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.

Capsicum annuum WRKY protein CaWRKY1 is a negative regulator of pathogen defense.

Plants respond to pathogens by regulating a network of signaling pathways that fine-tune transcriptional activation of defense-related genes. The aim of this study was to determine the role of Capsicum annuum WRKY zinc finger-domain transcription factor 1 (CaWRKY1) in defense. In previous studies, CaWRKY1 was found to be rapidly induced in C.

The chili pepper CaATL1: an AT-hook motif-containing transcription factor implicated in defence responses against pathogens.

SUMMARY Using cDNA microarray analysis, we isolated a cDNA clone, CaATL1 (Capsicum annuum L. Bukang AT-hook-Like gene 1), from a chili pepper plant incompatibly interacting with bacterial pathogens. The deduced amino acid sequence has a potential nuclear localization sequence and an AT-hook DNA binding motif which can bind AT-rich sequence elements.

Capsicum annuum CCR4-associated factor CaCAF1 is necessary for plant development and defence response.

The CCR4-associated factor 1 (CAF1) protein belongs to the CCR4-NOT complex, which is an evolutionary conserved protein complex and plays an important role in the control of transcription and mRNA decay in yeast and mammals. To investigate the function of CAF1 in plants, we performed gain- and loss-of-function studies by overexpression of the pepper CAF1 (CaCAF1) in tomato and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of the gene in pepper plants. Overexpression of CaCAF1 in tomato resulted in significant growth enhancement, with increasing leaf thickness, and enlarged cell size by more than twofold when compared with the control plants.

Superoxide anion regulates plant growth and tuber development of potato.

A higher concentration of H2O2 was detected in the sense transgenic potato plant (SS4) with the lily chCu,ZnSOD sequence, whereas higher levels of O2(-) was detected in the antisense transgenic plant (SA1) than the WT plant. The elongation growth in SA1 was significantly inhibited by treatment with diphenyleneiodonium, an inhibitor of O2(-) generation, and promoted in the SS4 on treatment with herbicide methyl viologen, a generator of apoplastic O2(-) . Higher concentrations of GAs were detected during plant growth and the early stage of tuberization in SA1.

CaWRKY2, a chili pepper transcription factor, is rapidly induced by incompatible plant pathogens.

WRKY family proteins are a class of plant-specific transcription factors involved in stress response signaling pathways. In this study a gene encoding a putative WRKY protein was isolated from a pepper EST database (http://genepool.kribb.

Suppression of CaCYP1, a novel cytochrome P450 gene, compromises the basal pathogen defense response of pepper plants.

A putative cytochrome P450 gene from chili pepper, Capsicum annuum L. Bukang cytochrome P450 (CaCYP1), was identified using cDNA microarray analysis of gene expression following induction of the leaf hypersensitive response by inoculation of pepper plants with the non-host pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines 8ra.