The role of resting-state EEG localized activation and central nervous system arousal in executive function performance in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.

Objective: This study explored the relationships between resting-state electroencephalogram (RS-EEG) localized activation and two important types of executive functions (EF) to extend the prognostic utilization of RS-EEG in children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD). Also, the role of central nervous system (CNS) arousal in the relationships was examined.

Methods: Fifty-eight children with AD/HD participated in the study.

Chronic Stress Reduces Nectin-1 mRNA Levels and Disrupts Dendritic Spine Plasticity in the Adult Mouse Perirhinal Cortex.

In adulthood, chronic exposure to stressful experiences disrupts synaptic plasticity and cognitive function. Previous studies have shown that perirhinal cortex-dependent object recognition memory is impaired by chronic stress. However, the stress effects on molecular expression and structural plasticity in the perirhinal cortex remain unclear.

Population data of 19 autosomal STR loci in the Li population from Hainan Province in southernmost China.

In the present study, population data of 19 autosomal STR loci included in the Goldeneye™ DNA ID System 20A in 653 Li individuals was obtained and population genetic relationships among 13 populations were investigated. MDS and phylogenetic analysis suggested that the Hainan Li population kept a close genetic relationship with the Chinese Han populations, especially for Southern Han populations (Guangdong Han, Sichuan Han, and Hunan Han). Our results indicated that the 19 autosomal STRs are highly discriminative and polymorphic in the Hainan Li population suitable for personal forensic identification and paternity testing.

Dissociated resting-state functional networks between the dream recall frequency and REM sleep percentage.

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep has been frequently associated with dreaming. However, mounting evidence obtained from behavioral, pharmacological, and brain imaging studies suggests that REM sleep is not indicative of the dream report and may originate from diverse neural substrates in brain functionality. The aim of the current study was to investigate the functional systems associated with inter-individual differences in dream recall and REM sleep through assessments of the resting-state functional connectivity.

Ambient concentrations of particulate matter and hospitalization for depression in 26 Chinese cities: A case-crossover study.

Objective: Air pollution with high ambient concentrations of particulate matter (PM) has been frequently reported in China. However, no Chinese study has looked into the short-term effect of PM on hospitalization for depression. We used a time-stratified case-crossover design to identify possible links between ambient PM levels and hospital admissions for depression in 26 Chinese cities.

DLGAP1 and NMDA receptor-associated postsynaptic density protein genes influence executive function in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Objective: To explore the association of DLGAP1 gene with executive function (EF) in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children.

Method: A total of 763 ADHD children and 140 healthy controls were enrolled. The difference of EF between ADHD and controls was analyzed using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), with IQ, sex, and age as covariates.

Potential Role of Genetic Variants in the Etiology of ADHD Comorbid With Tic Disorders.

To evaluate the role of the adrenergic receptor alpha-2A gene () in the genetic etiology of ADHD comorbid with tic disorders (ADHD+TD). Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of were genotyped and analyzed in 936 normal controls and 1,815 ADHD probands, including 1,249 trios. Approximately 16% of the ADHD probands also had a diagnosis of TD.

Olanzapine Reverses MK-801-Induced Cognitive Deficits and Region-Specific Alterations of NMDA Receptor Subunits.

Cognitive dysfunction constitutes an essential component in schizophrenia for its early presence in the pathophysiology of the disease and close relatedness to life quality of patients. To develop effective treatment of cognitive deficits, it is important to understand their neurobiological causes and to identify potential therapeutic targets. In this study, adopting repeated MK-801 treatment as an animal model of schizophrenia, we investigated whether antipsychotic drugs, olanzapine and haloperidol, can reverse MK-801-induced cognitive deficits and how the reversal processes recruited proteins involved in glutamate neurotransmission in rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus.

The Characteristics and Age Effects of Emotional Lability in ADHD Children With and Without Oppositional Defiant Disorder.

This study evaluated the concurrent validity of emotional lability (EL) in children with ADHD. A total of 2,015 children with ADHD and 745 typically developed controls (TDCs) were assessed and compared on EL. ADHD participants expressed higher EL scores than TDCs, not influenced by gender or IQ.

The underlying mechanism of deficits of speech comprehension and hallucinations in Chinese patients with schizophrenia.

Sentence context and fundamental frequency (F0) contours are important factors to speech perception and comprehension. In Chinese-Mandarin, lexical tones can be distinguished by the F0 contours. Previous studies found healthy people could use the cue of context to recover the phonological representations of lexical tones from the altered tonal patterns to comprehend the sentences in quiet condition, but can not in noise environment.

Once-monthly injection of paliperidone palmitate in patients with recently diagnosed and chronic schizophrenia: a post-hoc comparison of efficacy and safety.

Background: The use of long-acting injectable antipsychotics in recently diagnosed schizophrenia remains less explored. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of paliperidone palmitate once-monthly (PP1M) treatment in adult patients with recently diagnosed vs. chronic schizophrenia.

Increased Beta Activity Links to Impaired Emotional Control in ADHD Adults With High IQ.

Objective: The present study investigated the neuropathology of everyday-life executive function (EF) deficits in adults with ADHD with high IQ.

Method: Forty adults with ADHD with an IQ ≥ 120 and 40 controls were recruited. Ecological EFs were measured, and eyes-closed Electroencephalograph (EEG) signals were recorded during a resting-state condition; EEG power and correlations with impaired EFs were analyzed.

China's National Comprehensive Management Pilot Project for Mental Health.

The National Continuing Management and Intervention Programme for Psychoses, also known as the 686 Programme, was launched in China in 2004, marking a shift to a hospital-and-community collaborative model of care for patients with psychoses. An updated programme, the National Comprehensive Management Pilot Project for Mental Health, was launched in 2015 with the cooperation of six government ministries and bodies, including the China Disabled Persons Federation. Mechanisms for multi-sector cooperation in mental health services are being put in place in China.

Suppressed Calbindin Levels in Hippocampal Excitatory Neurons Mediate Stress-Induced Memory Loss.

Calbindin modulates intracellular Ca dynamics and synaptic plasticity. Reduction of hippocampal calbindin levels has been implicated in early-life stress-related cognitive disorders, but it remains unclear how calbindin in distinct populations of hippocampal neurons contributes to stress-induced memory loss. Here we report that early-life stress suppressed calbindin levels in CA1 and dentate gyrus (DG) neurons, and calbindin knockdown in adult CA1 or DG excitatory neurons mimicked early-life stress-induced memory loss.

Genetic analysis for cognitive flexibility in the trail-making test in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patients from single nucleotide polymorphism, gene to pathway level.

: Investigation of the genetic basis of endophenotype and analysis the pathways with multiple genes of small effects might increase the understanding of the genetic basis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Here we aimed to explore the genetic basis of cognitive flexibility in ADHD at the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), gene and pathway levels. The trail-making test was used to test the cognitive flexibility of 788 ADHD patients.

Nectin-3 modulates the structural plasticity of dentate granule cells and long-term memory.

Nectin-3, a cell adhesion molecule enriched in hippocampal neurons, has been implicated in stress-related cognitive disorders. Nectin-3 is expressed by granule cells in the dentate gyrus (DG), but it remains unclear whether nectin-3 in DG modulates the structural plasticity of dentate granule cells and hippocampus-dependent memory. In this study, we found that DG nectin-3 expression levels were developmentally regulated and reduced by early postnatal stress exposure in adult mice.

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adult ADHD: A Randomized Clinical Trial in China.

Objective: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective for adult ADHD, and booster sessions may improve long-term outcome. This study was designed to investigate the effects of group CBT and its booster sessions for Chinese adult patients with ADHD.

Method: There were CBT only group ( n = 43), CBT +booster group ( n = 43), and control group with patients on the waiting list ( n = 22).

The SNP-set based association study identifies ITGA1 as a susceptibility gene of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Han Chinese.

Genome-wide association studies, which detect the association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and disease susceptibility, have been extensively applied to study attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but genome-wide significant associations have not been found yet. Genetic heterogeneity and insufficient genomic coverage may account for the missing heritability. We performed a two-stage association study for ADHD in the Han Chinese population.

Enhanced Gamma Activity and Cross-Frequency Interaction of Resting-State Electroencephalographic Oscillations in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease.

Cognitive impairment, functional decline and behavioral symptoms that characterize Alzheimer's disease (AD) are associated with perturbations of the neuronal network. The typical electroencephalographic (EEG) features in AD patients are increased delta or theta rhythm and decreased alpha or beta rhythm activities. However, considering the role of cross-frequency couplings in cognition, the alternation of cross-frequency couplings in AD patients is still obscure.

Anticholinergic use trends in 14,013 patients with schizophrenia from three national surveys on the use of psychotropic medications in China (2002-2012).

Our previous study demonstrated that there have been changes in the patterns of prescription antipsychotic use in China over the period from 2002 to 2012. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether time trends were present for the prescription of anticholinergic medications (ACMs) during the observation period. A total of 14,013 patients with schizophrenia treated in 45 psychiatric hospitals/centers nationwide were surveyed in 2002, 2006 and 2012.

Atypical interference control in children with AD/HD with elevated theta/beta ratio.

The theta/beta ratio (TBR) is a major area of interest within electroencephalogram (EEG) research in AD/HD. While researchers suggest a prognostic role for TBR in AD/HD, its relationship to behavior remains uncertain. Recent evidence suggests that elevated TBR in AD/HD may be related to atypical inhibition, particularly at an attentional level.

Verbal working memory-related functional connectivity alterations in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and the effects of methylphenidate.

Objective: Few studies have investigated verbal working memory-related functional connectivity patterns in participants with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Thus, we aimed to compare working memory-related functional connectivity patterns in healthy children and those with ADHD, and study effects of methylphenidate (MPH).

Method: Twenty-two boys with ADHD were scanned twice, under either MPH (single dose, 10 mg) or placebo, in a randomised, cross-over, counterbalanced placebo-controlled design.