Alveolar macrophages are early targets of mumps virus.

Formerly a common childhood pathogen, mumps virus (MuV) remains active worldwide, despite relatively high vaccine coverage. MuV is thought to infect the upper respiratory tract before disseminating to other organs; however, the early cellular targets of MuV in vivo are unknown. To address this, we generated a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged vaccine strain (JL5) of MuV to infect leukocytic cell lines and found that replication was greatest in monocytes.

Live Attenuated Vaccine Administration in Children Treated With Methotrexate or Dupilumab.

Background And Objectives: A wholesale recommendation against use of live virus vaccines in patients treated with any medication classified as an immunosuppressant has been based on global theoretical concerns rather than clinical outcomes for specific drugs.

Methods: A retrospective search of electronic medical records identified patients seen by the Allergy and/or Dermatology services between 2017 and 2023 at a pediatric tertiary center who received a live attenuated vaccine during the 6 week interval prior to the first prescription for methotrexate or dupilumab until 6 weeks after the last prescription for either medication. Individual charts of identified patients were manually reviewed for evidence of adverse events.

Assessment of mumps virus-specific antibodies: Comparison of three different enzyme immunoassays and neutralization test.

Introduction: We evaluated the application of a newly improved enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit, Mumps IgG Seiken®, by comparing antibody responses to different EIA kits, and neutralization tests (NTs), using clinical samples.

Methods: Serum samples were collected before and 4-6 weeks after vaccination from 128 children who had no history of mumps or mumps vaccination. Using three different EIA kits, Mumps IgG Seiken®, a commercial kit from Enzygnost®, and an in-house kit, mumps-specific IgG antibodies were measured.

Live-attenuated vaccine failure after liver transplantation: A 20-year cohort study.

Background: A recent conditional recommendation suggests considering live-attenuated vaccines for solid organ transplant recipients, yet the conditions of their safe and effective administration remain unclear.

Methods: This prospective study was conducted at Keio University Hospital from 2002 to August 2023. We gave a live-attenuated vaccine to liver transplant (LT) recipients fulfilling criteria for live-attenuated vaccines, including criteria for humoral and cell-mediated immunity.

Securing long-term immunity: The possible necessity of supplementary measles vaccination.

Background: The global initiative to eliminate measles, spearheaded by the World Health Organization, has yet to achieve its intended goals. In Turkey, despite robust vaccination strategies, recent increases in measles cases have been attributed to vaccine hesitancy and irregular migration. This study evaluates measles serology within a pediatric population to determine the impact of vaccination regimens on immunity.

Detection of live attenuated measles virus in the respiratory tract following subcutaneous MMR Vaccination.

The live attenuated measles vaccine is extremely effective in preventing measles and induces mucosal immunity in the respiratory tract, however the mechanism is not known. We show that live attenuated measles virus (LAMV) RNA is frequently detected in the respiratory tract 7-21 days after subcutaneous measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination in healthy children (n = 5/20) and macaques (n = 6/8). Replicating LAMV was isolated from the lungs of 2 macaques, with no evidence of transmission to unvaccinated individuals.

Mapping changes in the utilization of childhood immunization over 5 years in a south Indian tertiary care hospital.

Background: Altered vaccine demands and uneven utilization patterns in childhood immunization are evident nationwide. These variabilities may stem from a range of internal and external factors influencing parental preferences. Regular checks and balances are necessary to ensure equal accessibility for all sections of society.

A literature review and evidence-based evaluation of the Dutch national immunisation schedule yield possibilities for improvements.

National Immunisation Programmes (NIPs) develop historically. Its performance (disease incidences, vaccination coverage) is monitored. Reviewing the schedule as a whole could inform on further optimisation of the programme, i.

Understanding Mumps Dynamics: Epidemiological Traits and Breakthrough Infections in the Population under 15 Years of Age in Jiangsu Province, China, 2023.

Despite coverage of two doses of mumps-containing vaccines, mumps epidemics persist among children and young adults in China. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mumps in Jiangsu Province, with a particular focus on breakthrough cases among high-incidence groups. Mumps cases reported in 2023 were systematically collected from the Infectious Disease Surveillance and Reporting System.

Vaccinations at home: a new strategy to contain vaccine hesitancy? The experience of ASL Napoli 1 Centro, Italy.

Vaccination coverage are generally geographically variable, even within large cities; furthermore, across target population are embedded difficult-to-reach clusters. To address this issue and improve coverage of mandatory vaccinations, a study group explored bringing vaccination at home as an interventional strategy. In a pilot experience, parents of unvaccinated and under vaccinated children of the 2020 birth cohort living in Naples, Italy were contacted by telephone to offer home administration of vaccinations.

Clinical and Etiological Profile of Children With Acute Viral Encephalitis in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background:  Acute encephalitis refers to the clinical diagnosis of children who have a sudden onset of symptoms and show evidence of inflammatory lesions in the brain. Timely diagnosis is crucial for both lifesaving measures and the preservation of brain functions.

Objective:  The objective of the study was to determine the clinical and etiological profile of acute viral encephalitis in children within a tertiary care hospital.

Cytokine Storm Syndrome Associated with Hemorrhagic Fever and Other Viruses.

A wide variety of infections can trigger cytokine storm syndromes including those caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. The most frequent viral trigger is Epstein-.Barr virus which is covered in Chapter 16.

Characterizing timeliness of recommended vaccinations among privately-insured children in the United States, 2009-2019.

Background: The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends early childhood vaccinations, but knowledge is limited about the magnitude and timing of vaccine delay for each recommended dose on a population level. We sought to characterize longitudinal patient-level patterns of early childhood vaccination schedule adherence.

Methods: Using the Merative MarketScan Commercial Database (2009-2019), we identified commercially-insured infants who received at least one timely dose of a 2-month recommended vaccine.