Lauflumide (NLS-4) Is a New Potent Wake-Promoting Compound.

Psychostimulants are used for the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness in a wide range of sleep disorders as well as in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or cognitive impairment in neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we tested in mice the wake-promoting properties of NLS-4 and its effects on the following sleep as compared with those of modafinil and vehicle. C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally injected with vehicle, NLS-4 (64 mg/kg), or modafinil (150 mg/kg) at light onset.

A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase II Study to Determine the Efficacy, Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of a Controlled Release (CR) Formulation of Mazindol in Adults with DSM-5 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

Background: Mazindol is under investigation for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) because of its alertness-enhancing properties. A novel controlled-release (CR) formulation of mazindol was developed to allow once-daily dosing.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of mazindol CR in adults with ADHD.

Practitioner Review: Current best practice in the use of parent training and other behavioural interventions in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Background: Behavioural interventions are recommended for use with children and young people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, specific guidance for their implementation based on the best available evidence is currently lacking.

Methods: This review used an explicit question and answer format to address issues of clinical concern, based on expert interpretation of the evidence with precedence given to meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials.

Results: On the basis of current evidence that takes into account whether outcomes are blinded, behavioural intervention cannot be supported as a front-line treatment for core ADHD symptoms.

Intraindividual Increase of Homeostatic Sleep Pressure Across Acute and Chronic Sleep Loss: A High-Density EEG Study.

Study Objectives: To compare intraindividually the effects of acute sleep deprivation (ASD) and chronic sleep restriction (CSR) on the homeostatic increase in slow wave activity (SWA) and to relate it to impairments in basic cognitive functioning, that is, vigilance.

Methods: The increase in SWA after ASD (40 hours of wakefulness) and after CSR (seven nights with time in bed restricted to 5 hours per night) relative to baseline sleep was assessed in nine healthy, male participants (age = 18-26 years) by high-density electroencephalography. The SWA increase during the initial part of sleep was compared between the two conditions of sleep loss.

Insufficient sleep: Enhanced risk-seeking relates to low local sleep intensity.

Objectives: Chronic sleep restriction is highly prevalent in modern society and is, in its clinical form, insufficient sleep syndrome, one of the most prevalent diagnoses in clinical sleep laboratories, with substantial negative impact on health and community burden. It reflects every-day sleep loss better than acute sleep deprivation, but its effects and particularly the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown for a variety of critical cognitive domains, as, for example, risky decision making.

Methods: We assessed financial risk-taking behavior after 7 consecutive nights of sleep restriction and after 1 night of acute sleep deprivation compared to a regular sleep condition in a within-subject design.

The clinical spectrum of childhood narcolepsy.

Narcolepsy type 1 is a life-long, severe, multifaceted disease often arising in childhood or adolescence. Beyond the classical symptoms (excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, hallucinations, sleep paralysis and nocturnal fragmented sleep), metabolic, endocrinological, psychiatric and psychosocial aspects must be considered. Despite the increased awareness after H1N1 pandemic influenza and vaccination, narcolepsy is still misdiagnosed and unrecognized.

Mazindol: a risk factor for pulmonary arterial hypertension?

Mazindol is an imidazo-isoindole derivative, a tricyclic compound and a non-amphetamine central nervous system stimulant that blocks dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake. Mazindol was withdrawn from the US and European markets in 1999 for reasons unrelated to its efficacy or safety around a time when other anorexic drugs were found to be associated with the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Despite the use of mazindol for decades, reports of PAH due to mazindol intake have been extremely rare.

High-Density Electroencephalographic Recordings During Sleep in Children and Adolescents With Acquired Brain Injury.

Background: Acquired brain injuries (ABI) such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) or stroke can result in motor, language, or cognitive impairments. Although a considerable number of studies have investigated functional recovery, underlying brain reorganization remains poorly understood. Accumulating evidence indicates that plastic processes in the brain are linked to changes in electroencephalographic (EEG) slow wave activity (SWA) during deep sleep (EEG spectral power 1-4.

Narcolepsy Type 1 Is Associated with a Systemic Increase and Activation of Regulatory T Cells and with a Systemic Activation of Global T Cells.

Narcolepsy is a rare neurologic disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy and disturbed nocturnal sleep patterns. Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) has been shown to result from a selective loss of hypothalamic hypocretin-secreting neurons with patients typically showing low CSF-hypocretin levels (<110 pg/ml). This specific loss of hypocretin and the strong association with the HLA-DQB1*06:02 allele led to the hypothesis that NT1 could be an immune-mediated pathology.

Age-Dependency of Location of Epileptic Foci in "Continuous Spike-and-Waves during Sleep": A Parallel to the Posterior-Anterior Trajectory of Slow Wave Activity.

Background: Epileptic encephalopathy with continuous spike-and-waves during sleep (CSWS) occurs during childhood and is characterized by an activation of spike wave complexes during slow wave sleep. The location of epileptic foci is variable, as is etiology. A relationship between the epileptic focus and age has been shown in various focal epilepsies following a posterior-anterior trajectory, and a link to brain maturation has been proposed.

Actigraphy of Wrist and Ankle for Measuring Sleep Duration in Altitude Travelers.

Unlabelled: Latshang, Tsogyal Daniela, Daniela Juliana Mueller, Christian Maurizio Lo Cascio, Anne-Christin Stöwhas, Katrin Stadelmann, Noemi Tesler, Peter Achermann, Reto Huber, Malcolm Kohler, and Konrad Ernst Bloch. Actigraphy of wrist and ankle for measuring sleep duration in altitude travelers. High Alt Med Biol.

A Day Awake Attenuates Motor Learning-Induced Increases in Corticomotor Excitability.

The "synaptic homeostasis hypothesis" proposes that the brain's capacity to exhibit synaptic plasticity is reduced during the day but restores when sleeping. While this prediction has been confirmed for declarative memories, it is currently unknown whether it is also the case for motor memories. We quantified practice-induced changes in corticomotor excitability in response to repetitive motor sequence training as an indirect marker of synaptic plasticity in the primary motor cortex (M1).

Self-Rated ADHD Symptoms Among Biological Mothers or Fathers of Children with Confirmed ADHD in a French Population.

Parents of children with ADHD are more likely to present the disorder, which can affect quality of life and parenting strategies. Few studies have examined parental ADHD to date, none in France. Prevalence of self-rated ADHD symptoms in adulthood and childhood was estimated among 60 biological mothers or fathers of children with confirmed ADHD in France.

Midfacial and Dental Changes Associated with Nasal Positive Airway Pressure in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Craniofacial Conditions.

Study Objectives: Nasal positive airway pressure (nPAP) for treatment of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a widespread therapy that currently lacks longitudinal data describing how mask pressure impacts the developing facial skeleton. This retrospective cohort study compared midfacial growth in pediatric patients with underlying craniofacial conditions diagnosed with OSA who were compliant vs. noncompliant with nPAP therapy, and explored correlations between demographic, medical, and sleep variables with annual rate of facial change.

A 4-year follow-up of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a population sample.

Background: Prior follow-up studies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) ascertained ADHD cases in clinical samples mostly from North America but rarely from European countries. They have provided a good deal of information about the persistence of ADHD and its impairments, but the degree to which these results generalize to population samples and to other countries is not certain. Prior studies have also not assessed predictors of new-onset ADHD in youth without ADHD.

Methods in pediatric sleep research and sleep medicine.

Several methods are used to evaluate sleep in infants, children, and adolescents including: Questionnaires and diaries, actigraphy, polysomnography, and electroencephalography which are well established. Novel approaches such as high-density electroencephalography, simultaneous electroencephalography-functional magnetic resonance imaging and nonpharmacological methods aiming for a modulation of sleep are currently only used for research. These approaches might become valuable methods for clinical application in the future.

Impaired slow wave sleep downscaling in patients with infantile spasms.

Background: West syndrome is a severe epileptic encephalopathy of infancy, characterized by infantile spasms, global retardation, and a severely abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG) pattern known as hypsarrhythmia, which is most prominent during slow waves sleep. The restorative function of slow wave sleep has been linked to downscaling, a neuronal process ensuring a balance of global synaptic strength, which is important for normal cortical functioning and development. A key electrophysiological marker for this downscaling is the reduction of the slope of slow waves across the night.

Pilot Phase II study of mazindol in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Objective: Mazindol has been proposed as a potential treatment of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The purpose of this pilot study was to assess its pharmacokinetics, short-term efficacy, and safety.

Subjects And Methods: A total of 24 children (aged 9-12 years) with ADHD (according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, text-revision criteria) received a daily dose of 1 mg for 7 days and were followed for 3 additional weeks.

Spike wave location and density disturb sleep slow waves in patients with CSWS (continuous spike waves during sleep).

Objective: In CSWS (continuous spike waves during sleep) activation of spike waves during slow wave sleep has been causally linked to neuropsychological deficits, but the pathophysiologic mechanisms are still unknown. In healthy subjects, the overnight decrease of the slope of slow waves in NREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep has been linked to brain recovery to regain optimal cognitive performance. Here, we investigated whether the electrophysiologic hallmark of CSWS, the spike waves during sleep, is related to an alteration in the overnight decrease of the slope, and if this alteration is linked to location and density of spike waves.

Sleep and ADHD.

This paper, intended to provide useful insights for the clinical management of sleep disturbances in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), presents a critical, updated overview of the most relevant studies on the prevalence, etiopathophysiology and treatment strategies of sleep problems associated with ADHD, including restless legs syndrome, periodic limb movements in sleep, sleep-onset delay, increased nocturnal motor activity, sleep-disordered breathing, deficit in alertness, and sleep alterations accounted for by comorbid psychiatric disorders or ADHD medications. We also discuss some possible avenues for future research in the field.

[Kleine-Levin syndrome].

KLeine-Levin Syndrome (KLS) is a rare disease characterized by recurrent episodes of hypersomnia associated with cognitive and behavioral disturbances, compulsive eating behavior and hypersexuality. Episodes are separated by weeks or months of normal sleep and behavior. The disease predominantly affects adolescent males.

Effect of a high-flow open nasal cannula system on obstructive sleep apnea in children.

Objective: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children is associated with significant morbidity. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treats obstructive apnea in children, but is impeded by low adherence. We, therefore, sought to assess the effect of warm humidified air delivered through an open nasal cannula (treatment with nasal insufflation [TNI]) on obstructive sleep apnea in children with and without adenotonsillectomy.