Frequency of Lower Lung Field Tuberculosis in Diabetes Mellitus Patients Attending Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background And Aims: People who have diabetes mellitus (DM) are thought to be more susceptible to pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Several published comparative investigations have reported that chest x-ray images from PTB with DM are considered atypical due to their frequent involvement of the lower lung field (LLF). This study aimed to investigate the frequency of lower lung field tuberculosis (LLF-TB) in DM and the risk factor of DM for the development of TB.

Lateral tongue pleomorphic adenoma in pediatrics: A case report.

Introduction: Pleomorphic adenoma, the most common benign salivary gland tumor, typically occurs in the parotid region but can also arise in minor salivary glands. Its occurrence in the lateral tongue is infrequent, making this case the first reported from Ethiopia and the second in English literature.

Case Presentation: We present an 11-year-old girl who underwent an excisional biopsy for a tongue swelling lasting 2 years.

Targeting Cytokine-Mediated Inflammation in Brain Disorders: Developing New Treatment Strategies.

Cytokine-mediated inflammation is increasingly recognized for playing a vital role in the pathophysiology of a wide range of brain disorders, including neurodegenerative, psychiatric, and neurodevelopmental problems. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) cause neuroinflammation, alter brain function, and accelerate disease development. Despite progress in understanding these pathways, effective medicines targeting brain inflammation are still limited.

Repeatability of Pentacam HR in Keratoconus According to Two Different Scan Protocols: 25-3D Scan and 50-Cornea Fine.

This study aims to evaluate the repeatability of the Pentacam HR, comparing two different measurement modes (50-cornea fine and 25-3D scan) in patients affected by keratoconus. Multicenter retrospective study, conducted at Eye Clinic of the ASST-Spedali Civili-University of Brescia, Italy, and St. Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, United Kingdom.

Empowerment in Adolescent Patients with a Disability/Chronic Condition: A Scoping Review.

Background/objectives: Empowerment has been associated with several positive outcomes in healthcare; however, there is limited insight on empowerment levels within the adolescent population of those with a chronic condition/disability. The aim of this scoping review was to identify gaps in the existing literature on empowerment levels within this population.

Methods: Five databases (MEDLINE [Ovid], EMBASE [Ovid], PsycINFO [Ebsco], CINHAL [Ebsco] and Web of Science [UBC]) and grey literature were searched.

Development, implementation, and evaluation of an innovative clinical trial operations training program for Africa (ClinOps).

Background: Africa's involvement in clinical trials remains very low. Although the crucial role of training initiatives in building clinical trial capacity in Africa has been documented, current efforts fall short as they lack alignment with local contexts. This study aimed to design, develop, implement, and evaluate an innovative clinical trial operations training program for Africa.

Systematic review on the compliance of WHO guidelines in the management of patients with advanced HIV disease in Africa: The case of cryptococcal antigen screening.

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) screening for people presenting with advanced HIV disease (AHD) and for those with positive CrAg without evidence of meningitis to initiate preemptive antifungal medication. Data on the implementation of WHO recommendations regarding CrAg screening is limited. We estimated pooled prevalence of CrAg screening uptake, cryptococcal antigenemia, lumbar puncture, cryptococcal meningitis and initiation of preemptive antifungal medication from available eligible published studies conducted in Africa.

Long-acting reversible and permanent contraceptives utilization and its associated factors among married women who desire no more children in Ethiopia: A multilevel analysis.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate long-acting reversible and permanent contraceptives (LARPCs) utilization and its associated factors among married women who desire no more children in Ethiopia.

Methods: Secondary datasets from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey was used for the study. A total weighted sample of 3,756 married or in union reproductive age women who desire no more children were included in the analysis.

Evaluating human ability to distinguish between ChatGPT-generated and original scientific abstracts.

This study aims to analyze the accuracy of human reviewers in identifying scientific abstracts generated by ChatGPT compared to the original abstracts. Participants completed an online survey presenting two research abstracts: one generated by ChatGPT and one original abstract. They had to identify which abstract was generated by AI and provide feedback on their preference and perceptions of AI technology in academic writing.

Immunobridging Trials: An Important Tool to Protect Vulnerable and Immunocompromised Patients Against Evolving Pathogens.

Safeguarding patients from emerging infectious diseases demands strategies that prioritise patient well-being and protection. Immunobridging is an established trial methodology which has been increasingly employed to ensure patient protection and provide clinicians with swift access to vaccines. It uses immunological markers to infer the effectiveness of a new drug through a surrogate measure of efficacy.

Diffusion weighted imaging to predict longer term response in Crohn's disease patients commencing biological therapy: Results from the MOTILITY Trial.

Objectives: Predicting longer term response to biological therapy for small bowel Crohn's disease (SBCD) is an unmet clinical need. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging (DWI) may indicate disease activity, but its predictive ability, if any, is unknown. We investigated the prognostic value of DWI for one year response or remission (RoR) in SBCD patients commencing biologic therapy, including incremental value over C-reactive protein (CRP) and faecal calprotectin (FC).

Novel Real-Time Fluoroscopic Assessment Method of Transcatheter Heart Valve Expansion Following Balloon-Expandable TAVR.

Background: Transcatheter heart valve (THV) underexpansion after transcatheter aortic valve replacement may be associated with worse outcomes. THV expansion can be assessed fluoroscopically using a pigtail for calibration; however, the accuracy of this technique specific to transcatheter aortic valve replacement is unknown. We assessed the accuracy and reproducibility of a novel fluoroscopic method to assess THV expansion using the THV commissural post for calibration.

William Budd: Revolutionizing Epidemiology and Public Health in the 19th Century.

William Budd (1811-1880) was a pioneering British physician whose work on infectious diseases, particularly typhoid fever, significantly advanced the understanding of epidemiology and public health in the 19th century. This review examines Budd's life, medical career, and groundbreaking contributions to the study of infectious diseases, focusing on his influential research into the transmission of typhoid fever, advocacy for public health reforms, and lasting legacy in epidemiology. Through meticulous research and innovative thinking, Budd laid the groundwork for modern approaches to disease control and prevention, cementing his place as a key figure in medical history.

Cooking with confidence for autistic youth: outcomes from a pilot program evaluation model.

Objective: This article outlines the evaluation model for the Cooking with Confidence (CWC) program, developed using Bandura's Social Learning Theory as its conceptual framework. The evaluation aimed to: (1) Examine participant characteristics in the CWC program, (2) Assess changes in cooking knowledge, skill acquisition, self-efficacy, and confidence, and (3) Identify barriers and facilitators to participant engagement. CWC is a community-based educational program designed to help autistic young adults develop independent living skills and promote health through hands-on cooking classes.

Optimization of chemical transfection in airway epithelial cell lines.

Background: Chemical transfection is a widely employed technique in airway epithelium research, enabling the study of gene expression changes and effects. Additionally, it has been explored for its potential application in delivering gene therapies. Here, we characterize the transfection efficiency of EX-EGFP-Lv105, an EGFP-expressing plasmid into three cell lines commonly used to model the airway epithelium (1HAEo-, 16HBE14o-, and NCI-H292).

Mitochondrial injury and complement dysregulation are drivers of pathological inflammation in viral myocarditis.

Unlabelled: Enteroviruses cause nearly 1 billion global infections annually and are associated with a diverse array of human illnesses. Among these, myocarditis and the resulting chronic inflammation have been recognized as major contributing factors to virus-induced heart failure. Despite our growing understanding, very limited therapeutic strategies have been developed to address the pathological consequences of virus-induced chronic innate immune activation.

Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on supervised consumption service delivery in Vancouver and Surrey, Canada from the perspective of service providers.

Following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, an ever-increasing number of people have died from the toxic drug supply in Canada. Emerging evidence suggests that reduced access to harm reduction services has been a contributing factor. However, the precise impacts of the pandemic on supervised consumption service (SCS) delivery have not been well characterized.

Prevalence and associated factors of acute postoperative pain in adult surgical patients: A prospective study.

Background: Pain, as defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain, is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling, that is associated with actual or potential tissue damage. In Ethiopia, where healthcare facilities and offerings are expanding to handle countless patients requiring surgical intervention, managing acute postoperative pain is a serious concern.

Objectives: To assess the prevalence of acute postoperative pain and associated factors after elective surgery among adult patients at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023.

Challenges in "probing spectroscopic probes" for noninvasive simultaneous disease diagnosis.

Noninvasive diagnosis of human diseases relies on the detection of molecular markers (probes) in a painless manner. Although extrinsic and intrinsic molecular markers are often used, intrinsic disease probes (molecular markers) are preferable because they are naturally present in our body, and deviation in their concentration from normal levels clearly indicates anomalies in human bodies, that is, diseases. In this study, we report noninvasive spectroscopic measurements of total haemoglobin (Hb), bilirubin, and the ratio of oxy- and deoxyhaemoglobin as disease markers for anaemia, jaundice, and oxygen deficiency, respectively, using a meticulously designed optical fibre probe.

South to south collaboration: advancing quality of abortion care through health care professionals exchange program.

Background: South-South Cooperation (SSC) is recognized as a vital component of goal 17 - 'Partnerships for the goals' within the SDGs and countries in the global south has been utilizing this cooperation mainly in research. We report the first health care professional exchange program through this south-to-south collaboration focusing on advancing quality of abortion care in the Sub-Saharan region.

Methods: We conducted a comprehensive mixed method study, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative approaches, to assess the impact of health care professionals' exchange program within the obstetrics and gynecology departments of two teaching institutions in Ethiopia and Rwanda over the course of a year (February 1, 2023-January 31,2024).

A legume-enriched diet improves metabolic health in prediabetes mediated through gut microbiome: a randomized controlled trial.

Healthy dietary patterns rich in legumes can improve metabolic health, although their additional benefits in conjunction with calorie restriction have not been well-established. We investigated effects of a calorie-restricted, legume-enriched, multicomponent intervention diet compared with a calorie-restricted control diet in 127 Chinese prediabetes participants, living in Singapore. The study was a 16-week, single-blind, parallel-design, randomized controlled trial (n = 63 intervention group (IG), n = 64 control group (CG); mean ± SD age 62.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Rapid Antigen Tests for Trichomoniasis: A Meta-analysis.

Objective: Trichomoniasis is a globally prevalent sexually transmitted infection caused by the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the gold standard for diagnosing trichomoniasis, but it is expensive. Antigen tests are immunochromatographic immunoassays that detect T.

Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Newly Diagnosed, Advanced Ovarian Cancer: ASCO Guideline Update.

Purpose: To provide updated guidance regarding neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) and primary cytoreductive surgery (PCS) among patients with stage III-IV epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer (epithelial ovarian cancer [EOC]).

Methods: A multidisciplinary Expert Panel convened and updated the systematic review.

Results: Sixty-one studies form the evidence base.

Surgical Management of Gestational Gigantomastia: A Case Report Highlighting Therapeutic Intervention.

Gigantomastia is an exceedingly rare condition characterized by extraordinary growth of breasts during pregnancy, and its underlying etiology remains elusive. Although surgical intervention is the primary treatment modality, there have been emerging prospects for utilizing adjunctive medical therapies, such as bromocriptine, to address this challenging condition. Herein, we report the case of a 26-year-old woman who experienced abrupt and asymmetric bilateral breast enlargement commencing in the second month of her pregnancy.

Colostrum avoidance and associated factors among postnatal mothers in health facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a mixed method study.

Background: Colostrum is the first form of milk produced immediately following the delivery of a newborn. It is highly nutritious and contains antibodies to protect the newborn against disease and crucial for the newborn's health Despite its benefits, some mothers avoid giving colostrum to their newborns.

Objective: This study aims to assess the prevalence and factors associated with colostrum avoidance among postnatal mothers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.