Adequate diagnosis of the cause of Parkinsonism and treatment in an elderly patient with schizophrenia: A case report.

Background: Parkinsonism is frequently observed in patients with schizophrenia, and most patients are diagnosed with drug-induced parkinsonism. However, comorbidity with idiopathic Parkinson's disease or Parkinson-plus syndrome is also possible. The pathophysiology and treatment for each of these are entirely different, thus an appropriate diagnosis is required.

The many faces of globular glial tauopathy: A clinical and imaging study.

Background: Globular glial tauopathy (GGT) has been associated with frontotemporal dementia syndromes; little is known about the clinical and imaging characteristics of GGT and how they differ from other non-globular glial 4-repeat tauopathies (N4GT) such as progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) or corticobasal degeneration (CBD).

Methods: For this case-control study the Mayo Clinic brain banks were queried for all cases with an autopsy-confirmed diagnosis of GGT between 1 January 2011 and 31 October 2021. Fifty patients with N4GT (30 PSP, 20 CBD) were prospectively recruited and followed by the Neurodegenerative Research Group at Mayo Clinic, Minnesota.

Modified Iron Deposition in Nigrosomes by Pharmacotherapy for the Management of Parkinson's Disease.

Increased iron deposition in nigrosome as assessed by susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) is involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). This study investigated the effects of antiparkinson drugs on iron deposition in the nigrosome of PD patients. Based on the retrospective analysis of clinical data, alterations in iron deposition in the substantia nigra were investigated in 51 PD patients across different types of therapies and in nine Parkinson-plus syndrome patients.

The Swallow Tail Sign of Substantia Nigra: A Case-Control Study to Establish Its Role in Diagnosis of Parkinson Disease on 3T MRI.

 The loss of swallow tail sign (STS) has been studied for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The study aims to establish the role of STS on high-resolution 3D susceptibility-weighted images (SWI) on 3T MRI in clinically diagnosed cases of PD and compare with control population.  Forty-five patients with clinically diagnosed PD and Parkinson plus syndrome (PPS) formed the study group and were compared with 45 controls without any neurological disease and normal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Diffusion tensor imaging for the differential diagnosis of Parkinsonism by machine learning.

Background: There are currently no specific tests for either idiopathic Parkinson's disease or Parkinson-plus syndromes. The study aimed to investigate the diagnostic performance of features extracted from the whole brain using diffusion tensor imaging concerning parkinsonian disorders.

Methods: The retrospective data yielded 625 participants (average age: 61.

Clinical Aspects of the Differential Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease and Parkinsonism.

Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome presenting with bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity, and postural instability. Nonmotor symptoms have recently been included in the parkinsonian syndrome, which was traditionally associated with motor symptoms only. Various pathologically distinct and unrelated diseases have the same clinical manifestations as parkinsonism or parkinsonian syndrome.

Association of white mater lesions with orthostatic hypotension.

Objective: To reveal the cerebral hypoperperfusion characteristics of White matter lesions (WMLs), we monitored the blood pressure (BP) fluctuation in patients with orthostatic hypotension (OH) and WMLs.

Methods: A total of 2265 syncope patients were enrolled in this retrospective study. Clinical outcomes of brain MRI or CT, tilt test and continuous electrocardiogram monitoring were reviewed.

Parkinsonism in multiple sclerosis patients: A prospective observational study.

Background: Rare cases of coexisting multiple sclerosis and parkinsonism have been reported in the literature. However, the true prevalence, clinical characteristics, and causal relation between the two entities have not been systematically evaluated.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of parkinsonism in patients with multiple sclerosis and examine the causal relationship, if any.

Spontaneous posterior dislocation of the cataractous lens in a patient with Parkinson-plus syndrome.

Purpose: To report a case of unilateral posterior dislocation of the cataractous lens and subluxation of the lens in the fellow eye of a patient with Parkinson-plus syndrome.

Observations: A 67-year-old-man who was a known case of Parkinson-plus syndrome on long-term dopamine agonists and anti-psychotic medications demonstrated apraxia of lid opening associated with moderate-to-severe blepharospasm. He had unilateral posterior dislocation of the cataractous lens and subluxation of the lens in the fellow eye with no prior history of trauma or other known ocular risk factors.

Therapeutic Application of rTMS in Atypical Parkinsonian Disorders.

The terms atypical parkinsonian disorders (APDs) and Parkinson plus syndromes are mainly used to describe the four major entities of sporadic neuronal multisystem degeneration: progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), and dementia with Lewy bodies (LBD). APDs are characterized by a variety of symptoms and a lack of disease modifying therapies; their treatment thus remains mainly symptomatic. Brain stimulation via repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a safe and noninvasive intervention using a magnetic coil, and it is considered an alternative therapy in various neuropsychiatric pathologies.

Multiple System Atrophy Caregivers' Experience: A Mixed Methods Study.

Background: Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare Parkinson-plus syndrome with rapid progression and a high symptom burden. The experience of caregivers of people with MSA has not been closely examined. We therefore sought to document the impact of MSA on caregivers using a mixed methods approach.

Alteration of Mitochondrial Function in Oxidative Stress in Parkinsonian Neurodegeneration: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Context: Appropriate mitochondrial function and oxidative balance are critical to neuronal survival. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species leads to oxidative stress that can cause free radical damage to biomolecules of the cell components and the molecules in the cellular milieu that eventually lead to a variety of chronic diseases including neurodegenerative disorders. Mitochondrial dysfunction initiates neuronal apoptosis thereby leading to neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD).

An atypical case of corticobasal syndrome with psychotic depression and delusional jealousy.

Corticobasal syndrome (CBS) is one of the Parkinson-plus disorders. While initially defined as a movement disorder rather than cognition, it is now known that CBS is related to various psychiatric symptoms. We describe a patient clinically diagnosed with CBS whose initial presentation was psychiatric and rather atypical.

Plasma neurofilament light chain level and orthostatic hypotension in early Parkinson's disease.

To delineate the impact of non-motor markers (REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), orthostatic hypotension (OH), cardiac sympathetic denervation, hyposmia) on neuronal injury in early-stage Parkinson's disease (PD), we measured the plasma neurofilament light chain (NFL) level of PD patients and evaluated its relationship with these markers. The study population comprised a cohort of 77 patients with PD and 54 controls. OH was assessed using 5-min head-up tilt-table test.

Predicting Long-Term Outcome of Patients of Early Parkinsonism with Acute Levodopa Challenge Test.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of various outcomes of acute levodopa challenge test (ALCT) namely improvement of motor function, development of dyskinesia and intolerance; to predict the diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) or Parkinson-plus syndrome; to predict levodopa responsiveness and levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) during long-term therapy.

Methods: ALCT was performed on 89 patients with parkinsonism of <2 years and were followed up for 18 months. Improvement of UPDRSm by ≥30% was considered positive.

High prevalence of serum anti-NH-terminal of α-enolase antibodies in patients with multiple system atrophy and corticobasal syndrome.

Background: Hashimoto's encephalopathy with serum anti-NH-terminal of α-enolase (NAE) antibodies occasionally displays clinical symptoms such as cerebellar ataxia and parkinsonism. We studied the frequency of anti-NAE antibodies in patients with Parkinson-plus syndrome.

Methods: We examined the positive rates of anti-NAE antibodies in 47 patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA), 29 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), eight patients with corticobasal syndrome (CBS), and 18 patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) using conventional immunoblot analysis.

Identification of GBA mutations among neurodegenerative disease patients from eastern India.

Introduction: GBA mutations have been reported in PD, PDD and DLB - but not associated with cognitive impairment for example in PSP, AD or MSA. However, frequencies of GBA mutations are ethnicity dependent. The present study aims to identify commonly reported GBA mutations (mostly from Asia), among eastern Indian patients with neurodegenerative disorders.

Hyperhomocysteinemia and Dementia Associated With Severe Cortical Atrophy, but No Amyloid Burden.

We report a case of a 77 years old patient who was admitted to our memory clinic because of progressive gait impairment and amnestic cognitive decline associated with extrapyramidal symptoms and behavioral changes. The clinical picture was consistent with a possible diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease associated with parkinsonian symptoms or with a Parkinson Plus syndrome. After a complete investigation, she was found to have a high plasma level of homocysteine due to homozygous methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene C665 T polymorphism, cognitive and motor impairment were associated with a severe cortical atrophy and mild subcortical vascular disease.

Diagnostic performance of loss of nigral hyperintensity on susceptibility-weighted imaging in parkinsonism: an updated meta-analysis.

Objectives: To evaluate diagnostic performance of loss of nigral hyperintensity on SWI in differentiating idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) or primary parkinsonism (including IPD and Parkinson-plus syndrome) from healthy/disease controls.

Methods: MEDLINE/PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched to identify original articles investigating the diagnostic performance of loss of nigral hyperintensity for differentiating IPD or primary parkinsonism from healthy/disease control, up to April 3, 2020. Pooled sensitivity and specificity were calculated using a bivariate random-effects model.

Comparative Performance of 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT/CT and 18F-FDOPA PET/CT Imaging in Patients With Parkinson's Disease, Parkinson-Plus Syndrome, and Essential Tremor.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the utility of presynaptic dopaminergic imaging using 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT/CT and 18F-FDOPA PET/CT and compare their performance in Parkinson's disease (PD), Parkinson-plus syndrome (PPS), and essential tremor (ET).

Patients And Methods: A total of 103 patients (PD = 48, PPS = 19, and ET = 36) were enrolled prospectively. Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) staging and MDS-UPDRS (Movement Disorder Society-Sponsored Revision of Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale) were done for PD and PPS cases.

Multimodal analysis of gene expression from postmortem brains and blood identifies synaptic vesicle trafficking genes to be associated with Parkinson's disease.

Objective: We aimed to identify key susceptibility gene targets in multiple datasets generated from postmortem brains and blood of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and healthy controls (HC).

Methods: We performed a multitiered analysis to integrate the gene expression data using multiple-gene chips from 244 human postmortem tissues. We identified hub node genes in the highly PD-related consensus module by constructing protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks.

Role of variant p.Gly2019Ser in patients with Parkinsonism.

Background & Objectives: Parkinsonian disorder, including Parkinson's disease (PD), is an aetiologically complex neurodegenerative disorder. Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene have been implicated in an autosomal dominant form of PD with variable penetrance. The identification of a common LRRK2 variant (p.

Detailed Anatomical Volumetric Study of Deep Nuclei of Brain and Other Structures Between Parkinson's Disease Patients Who Had Deep Brain Stimulation and Control Group.

Background: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) was pioneered by Neuroscience team of Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM) nearly a decade ago to treat advanced medically refractory idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) patients.

Objectives: Brain volume reduction occurs with age, especially in Parkinson plus syndrome or psychiatric disorders. We searched to define the degree of volume discrepancy in advanced IPD patients and correlate the anatomical volumetric changes to motor symptoms and cognitive function.

Dysphagia in Parkinsonism: Prevalence, Predictors and Correlation with Severity of Illness Fasting).

Introduction: Dysphagia is frequently present in Parkinsonian syndromes and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Early identification of swallowing dysfunction is critical to minimize complications like aspiration pneumonia and malnutrition. Published prevalence rates for dysphagia in Parkinsonian syndromes vary widely with a very few studies from India.