Scales for Antipsychotic-Associated Movement Disorders: Systematic Review, Critique, and Recommendations.

Background: Antipsychotic-associated movement disorders remain common and disabling. Their screening and assessment are challenging due to clinical heterogeneity and different use of nomenclature between psychiatrists and neurologists.

Objective: An International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society subcommittee aimed to rate psychometric quality of severity and screening instruments for antipsychotic-associated movement disorders.

Oral ENT-01 Targets Enteric Neurons to Treat Constipation in Parkinson Disease : A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Parkinson disease (PD) is associated with α-synuclein (αS) aggregation within enteric neurons. ENT-01 inhibits the formation of αS aggregates and improved constipation in an open-label study in patients with PD.

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of oral ENT-01 for constipation and neurologic symptoms in patients with PD and constipation.

Patient selection and injection techniques for botulinum neurotoxin in oromandibular dystonia.

Oromandibular dystonia (OMD) is a form of focal dystonia that involves the masticatory, lower facial, labial, and lingual musculature. It is a disabling disorder which had limited treatment options until the recent introduction of botulinum toxin (BoNT) as the recommended first-line therapy by most experts and evidence-based literature. Owing to the complex relationship between the muscles of mastication and surrounding muscles, there is a wide variety of dynamic clinical presentations, making clinical recognition and the corresponding approach to BoNT injection therapy difficult.

Expanding phenomenologic heterogeneity of tardive syndromes: Time for an updated assessment tool.

Tardive syndromes (TDS) are a group of hyperkinetic and hypokinetic movement disorders that occurs after exposure to dopamine receptor blocking agents such as antipsychotic and antiemetic drugs. The Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) is a widely used instrument that has become the standard for assessment of tardive dyskinesia (TDD), the most common form of TDS. However, the AIMS has a number of clinimetric limitations and was designed primarily to assess the anatomic distribution and severity of involuntary movements without regard to phenomenology.

Effect of using a wearable device on clinical decision-making and motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease starting transdermal rotigotine patch: A pilot study.

Background: Feedback from wearable biosensors may help assess motor function in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and titrate medication. Kinesia 360 continuously monitors motor symptoms via wrist and ankle sensors.

Methods: PD0049 was a 12-week pilot study to investigate whether using Kinesia 360 at home could improve motor symptom management in PD patients starting transdermal dopamine agonist rotigotine.

Severity dependent distribution of impairments in PSP and CBS: Interactive visualizations.

Background: Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) -Richardson's Syndrome and Corticobasal Syndrome (CBS) are the two classic clinical syndromes associated with underlying four repeat (4R) tau pathology. The PSP Rating Scale is a commonly used assessment in PSP clinical trials; there is an increasing interest in designing combined 4R tauopathy clinical trials involving both CBS and PSP.

Objectives: To determine contributions of each domain of the PSP Rating Scale to overall severity and characterize the probable sequence of clinical progression of PSP as compared to CBS.

Injectable DaxibotulinumtoxinA in Cervical Dystonia: A Phase 2 Dose-Escalation Multicenter Study.

Background: Injectable daxibotulinumtoxinA (an investigational botulinum toxin, RT002) may offer a more prolonged duration of response-and therefore less frequent dosing-than onabotulinumtoxinA.

Objectives: To perform a phase 2, open-label, dose-escalation study to assess the efficacy and safety of daxibotulinumtoxinA in cervical dystonia.

Methods: Subjects with moderate-to-severe isolated cervical dystonia were enrolled in sequential cohorts to receive a single open-label, intramuscular dose of injectable daxibotulinumtoxinA of up to 200 U ( 12), 200-300 U ( 12), or 300-450 U ( 13; https://clinicaltrials.

Author Correction to: Pooled Analyses of Phase III Studies of ADS-5102 (Amantadine) Extended-Release Capsules for Dyskinesia in Parkinson's Disease.

An Online First version of this article was made available online at http://link.springer.com/journal/40263/onlineFirst/page/1 on 12 March 2018.

Pooled Analyses of Phase III Studies of ADS-5102 (Amantadine) Extended-Release Capsules for Dyskinesia in Parkinson's Disease.

Background: Although levodopa is considered the most effective pharmacotherapy for motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), chronic use is associated with motor complications, including fluctuating response and unpredictable, involuntary movements called dyskinesia. ADS-5102 (amantadine) extended-release (ER) capsules (GOCOVRI) is a recent US FDA-approved treatment for dyskinesia in PD patients. ADS-5102 is a high-dose, ER formulation of amantadine, administered orally once daily at bedtime, that achieves high plasma drug concentrations throughout the day.

ADS-5102 (Amantadine) Extended-Release Capsules for Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson Disease (EASE LID Study): A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Medical treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) in Parkinson disease (PD) is an unmet need.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of ADS-5102 (amantadine) extended-release 274-mg capsules for treatment of LID in patients with PD.

Design, Setting, And Participants: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted between May 7, 2014, and July 22, 2015, at 44 North American sites among patients with PD treated with levodopa who experienced at least 1 hour of troublesome dyskinesia per day with at least mild functional impact.

Multicenter observational study of abobotulinumtoxinA neurotoxin in cervical dystonia: The ANCHOR-CD registry.

Background: The ANCHOR-CD prospective observational registry study evaluated the effectiveness of abobotulinumtoxinA in adult idiopathic cervical dystonia (CD) in clinical practice.

Methods: Adults with CD were eligible. Treating physicians determined abobotulinumtoxinA dose and treatment interval.

Caffeine, creatine, GRIN2A and Parkinson's disease progression.

Caffeine is neuroprotective in animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) and caffeine intake is inversely associated with the risk of PD. This association may be influenced by the genotype of GRIN2A, which encodes an NMDA-glutamate-receptor subunit. In two placebo-controlled studies, we detected no association of caffeine intake with the rate of clinical progression of PD, except among subjects taking creatine, for whom higher caffeine intake was associated with more rapid progression.

A cross-sectional structured survey of patients receiving botulinum toxin type A treatment for blepharospasm.

To characterize satisfaction with current standard-of-care botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) treatment for blepharospasm, we performed a cross-sectional, structured survey in subjects with blepharospasm who had received ≥2 BoNT/A cycles. Subjects were interviewed immediately before re-injection to evaluate treatment satisfaction, time course of treatment effects, preferred injection intervals, Jankovic Rating Scale (JRS), and Blepharospasm Disability Index (BSDI). Subjects' (n=114) last treatment was onabotulinumtoxinA (n=78), incobotulinumtoxinA (n=35), or abobotulinumtoxinA (n=1).

Caffeine and Progression of Parkinson Disease: A Deleterious Interaction With Creatine.

Objective: Increased caffeine intake is associated with a lower risk of Parkinson disease (PD) and is neuroprotective in mouse models of PD. However, in a previous study, an exploratory analysis suggested that, in patients taking creatine, caffeine intake was associated with a faster rate of progression. In the current study, we investigated the association of caffeine with the rate of progression of PD and the interaction of this association with creatine intake.

IncobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin®) injected for blepharospasm or cervical dystonia according to patient needs is well tolerated.

Typically, botulinum toxin injections for blepharospasm or cervical dystonia (CD) are administered at approximately 3-month intervals, reflecting concerns that shorter intervals might increase the risk of adverse events (AEs) and development of neutralizing antibodies. These post-hoc analyses investigated flexible incobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin®) injection intervals (6-20 weeks) in patients with blepharospasm or CD. Patients received up to 6 injections at intervals ≥ 6 weeks, as determined by physician assessment upon patient request.

A randomized clinical trial of high-dosage coenzyme Q10 in early Parkinson disease: no evidence of benefit.

Importance: Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), an antioxidant that supports mitochondrial function, has been shown in preclinical Parkinson disease (PD) models to reduce the loss of dopamine neurons, and was safe and well tolerated in early-phase human studies. A previous phase II study suggested possible clinical benefit.

Objective: To examine whether CoQ10 could slow disease progression in early PD.

Sustained efficacy and safety of repeated incobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin(®)) injections in blepharospasm.

IncobotulinumtoxinA (Xeomin(®), NT 201) is a purified botulinum toxin type A free from accessory (complexing) proteins. Previous studies evaluated single sets of incobotulinumtoxinA injections for the treatment of blepharospasm. Individualized injection intervals and other potential determinants of efficacy and safety need to be evaluated in a prospective, longitudinal study.

Botulinum toxins in the treatment of primary focal dystonias.

Focal dystonia, such as cervical dystonia, blepharospasm, oromandibular dystonia, laryngeal dystonia, and limb dystonia, is often observed in adult-onset primary dystonia syndromes that affect a specific area of the body and tend to have little or no spread. This review will examine the past, present, and future approaches to the treatment of focal dystonia. Botulinum toxin (BoNT) has emerged as the treatment of choice for the majority of focal dystonias.

Long-term efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) in cervical dystonia.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intramuscular (IM) administration of botulinum toxin type A (Dysport((R)), Ipsen Biopharm Ltd.) for the treatment of cervical dystonia (CD) and the long-term safety and efficacy of repeated treatments. During the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase patients were randomized to 500 units Dysport (n = 55) or placebo (n = 61).

Current clinical applications of botulinum toxin.

Botulinum toxin has long been known for its paralytic effects on the human voluntary musculature via inhibition of acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junctions. Its original clinical use for the treatment of strabismus has expanded significantly to include neurological conditions related to muscle hyperactivity and/or spasticity (e.g.

Tolcapone: review of its pharmacology and use as adjunctive therapy in patients with Parkinson's disease.

Levodopa has been the gold standard therapy for the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease for more than three decades. Although it remains the most effective treatment, its long-term use is associated with motor fluctuations and dyskinesias that can be disabling for patients and difficult for physicians to manage medically. In the last 10 years, the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor tolcapone has been studied for its efficacy as an adjunctive treatment to levodopa plus a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor.

Recognition and management of Parkinson's disease during the premotor (prodromal) phase.

Therapeutic strategies in Parkinson's disease (PD) provide control of motor (nigral) and nonmotor (extranigral) symptoms. Nigral dopamine-related signs and symptoms are addressed by supplementation or substitution of cerebral dopamine, and extranigral nondopamine-related symptoms are treated by addressing specific autonomic, neuropsychiatric and sleep dysfunctions. However, the ultimate goal in treating PD is to slow, stop or modify disease progression through early and appropriate intervention.

Case studies in the advancement of Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease following Alzheimer's disease. As there is no biomarker or diagnostic test available for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, diagnosis of this disorder can be challenging. Parkinson's disease symptoms include both motor and non-motor symptoms.