Dynamic alternative DNA structures in biology and disease.

Repetitive elements in the human genome, once considered 'junk DNA', are now known to adopt more than a dozen alternative (that is, non-B) DNA structures, such as self-annealed hairpins, left-handed Z-DNA, three-stranded triplexes (H-DNA) or four-stranded guanine quadruplex structures (G4 DNA). These dynamic conformations can act as functional genomic elements involved in DNA replication and transcription, chromatin organization and genome stability. In addition, recent studies have revealed a role for these alternative structures in triggering error-generating DNA repair processes, thereby actively enabling genome plasticity.

Temporal Dynamics of MOG Antibodies in Children With Acquired Demyelinating Syndrome.

Background And Objective: The spectrum of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disorder (MOGAD) comprises monophasic diseases such as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), optic neuritis (ON), and transverse myelitis and relapsing courses of these presentations. Persistently high MOG antibodies (MOG immunoglobulin G [IgG]) are found in patients with a relapsing disease course. Prognostic factors to determine the clinical course of children with a first MOGAD are still lacking.

Novel Strains Co-Harbouring Metallo β-Lactamase and Isolated from Immunocompromised Paediatric Patients.

Background: The rising resistance to carbapenems in Gram-negative bacteria worldwide poses a major clinical and public health risk. This study aimed to characterise carbapenem- and colistin-resistance genes, and located on IncX4 plasmid in MDR , isolated from paediatric patients undergoing chemotherapy as a result of leukaemia.

Methods: In this study, six carbapenem-resistant strains of were isolated from two paediatric patients under chemotherapy treatment (1.

Autoimmune Encephalitis and Other Neurological Syndromes With Rare Neuronal Surface Antibodies in Children: A Systematic Literature Review.

Neuronal surface antibody syndromes (NSAS) are an expanding group of autoimmune neurological diseases, whose most frequent clinical manifestation is autoimmune encephalitis (AE). Anti-NMDAR, anti-LGI1, and anti-CASPR2 autoimmunity represent the most described forms, while other NSAS are rarer and less well-characterized, especially in children. We carried out a systematic literature review of children with rare NSAS (with antibodies targeting D2R, GABAAR, GlyR, GABABR, AMPAR, amphiphysin, mGluR5, mGluR1, DPPX, IgLON5, and neurexin-3alpha) and available individual data, to contribute to improve their clinical characterization and identification of age-specific features.

A severe case of human rhinovirus A45 with central nervous system involvement and viral sepsis.

Background: Rhinovirus is a common viral aetiology of upper respiratory infection and is mostly associated with common cold or flu-like illness. Although rhinovirus has been recognized as a pathogen for lower respiratory infections in severe cases credited to advances in molecular detection, central nervous system involvement and multiorgan dysfunction are extremely rare.

Case Presentation: A previously healthy 10-year-old girl developed fever, sore throat and conjunctive injection after contact with an upper respiratory infection patient, followed by seizures, haematuria, and severe diarrhoea.

WU Polyomavirus Infection in Children With Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in China, 2017 to 2019: Case Reports and Multicentre Epidemiological Survey.

WU polyomavirus (WUPyV) is a novel member of the family recently detected in respiratory tract specimens. So far, it has not been proven whether WUPyV is a real causative agent for respiratory diseases. In this study, we described two patients with fatal infection who had WUPyV detected in their nasopharyngeal swabs.

Genetic Characterization of Colistin-Resistant ST34 Co-Harbouring Plasmid-Borne and Recovered from a Paediatric Patient in Shenzhen, China.

Background: Since 2015, plasmid-borne has been reported in various bacterial strains in the clinical setting globally. However, the transmission mechanisms of this gene in are not well defined. This study aimed to characterize the genomic features of a ST34 isolate, which carried a , mapped to a carbapenemase and extended spectrum β-lactamase encoding gene located on the IncX4 plasmid.

Radiation safety for cardiovascular computed tomography imaging in paediatric cardiology: a joint expert consensus document of the EACVI, ESCR, AEPC, and ESPR.

Children with congenital and acquired heart disease may be exposed to relatively high lifetime cumulative doses of ionizing radiation from necessary medical invasive and non-invasive imaging procedures. Although these imaging procedures are all essential to the care of these complex paediatric population and have contributed to meaningfully improved outcomes in these patients, exposure to ionizing radiation is associated with potential risks, including an increased lifetime attributable risk of cancer. The goal of this manuscript is to provide a comprehensive review of radiation dose management and cardiac computed tomography performance in the paediatric population with congenital and acquired heart disease, to encourage informed imaging to achieve indication-appropriate study quality at the lowest achievable dose.

Association of fish oil containing lipid emulsions with retinopathy of prematurity: a retrospective observational study.

Background: Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) remains a leading cause of childhood blindness worldwide. This study aimed to investigate whether supplementation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) in parenteral nutrition may have beneficial effects on ROP in preterm infants.

Methods: A total of 89 preterm infants, admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) in Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital from September 2017 to August 2020, were recruited in the study.

Healthcare use in 700 000 children and adolescents for six months after covid-19: before and after register based cohort study.

Objectives: To explore whether and for how long use of healthcare services is increased among children and adolescents after covid-19.

Design: Before and after register based study.

Setting: General population of Norway.

Use and Safety of Immunotherapeutic Management of N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Antibody Encephalitis: A Meta-analysis.

Importance: Overall, immunotherapy has been shown to improve outcomes and reduce relapses in individuals with N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antibody encephalitis (NMDARE); however, the superiority of specific treatments and combinations remains unclear.

Objective: To map the use and safety of immunotherapies in individuals with NMDARE, identify early predictors of poor functional outcome and relapse, evaluate changes in immunotherapy use and disease outcome over the 14 years since first reports of NMDARE, and assess the Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis One-Year Functional Status (NEOS) score.

Data Sources: Systematic search in PubMed from inception to January 1, 2019.

Emergence of ST307 Co-Producing CTX-M with SHV and KPC from Paediatric Patients at Shenzhen Children's Hospital, China.

Aim: We investigated the clonal diversity of carbapenemase-producing isolates from the Shenzhen Children's Hospital, China, and drew conclusions on the clinical and public health impact of these isolates as multidrug-resistant.

Methods: From January 2014 to December 2018, a total number of 36 unique carbapenemase-producing clinical isolates of were collected out of 900 clinical isolates in paediatric patients from the Shenzhen Children's Hospital, China. After carbapenemase production confirmation, antimicrobial susceptibility, resistance determinants and phylogenetic relationship were determined.

N6-Methyladenosine Modification and Its Regulation of Respiratory Viruses.

N6-methyladenosine (mA) is a ubiquitous RNA modification in eukaryotes. It plays important roles in the translocation, stabilization and translation of mRNA. Many recent studies have shown that the dysregulation of mA modification is connected with diseases caused by pathogenic viruses, and studies on the role of mA in virus-host interactions have shown that mA plays a wide range of regulatory roles in the life cycle of viruses.

International Consensus Recommendations for the Treatment of Pediatric NMDAR Antibody Encephalitis.

Objective: To create an international consensus treatment recommendation for pediatric NMDA receptor antibody encephalitis (NMDARE).

Methods: After selection of a panel of 27 experts with representation from all continents, a 2-step Delphi method was adopted to develop consensus on relevant treatment regimens and statements, along with key definitions in pediatric NMDARE (disease severity, failure to improve, and relapse). Finally, an online face-to-face meeting was held to reach consensus (defined as ≥75% agreement).

Identification of 4 subgroups in juvenile dermatomyositis by principal component analysis-based cluster analysis.

Objectives: Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is an autoimmune disease characterised by a great heterogeneity in its clinical manifestations. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between different clinical subtypes, laboratory data, and myositis antibodies of JDM.

Methods: A total of 132 JDM patients were enrolled and their medical records were retrospectively reviewed and autoantibodies tested.

Effects of obstructive sleep apnoea severity on neurocognitive and brain white matter alterations in children according to sex: a tract-based spatial statistics study.

Objectives: To investigate alterations in neurocognitive, attention, paediatric sleep questionnaire (PSQ) scores and whole brain white matter (WM) integrity between children with mild and severe obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) according to sex and whether these changes are associated with OSA severity.

Methods: Fifty-seven children (36 males and 21 females) diagnosed with OSA were recruited for this study. Children of both sexes were divided into mild (male-MG, female-MG) and severe (male-SG, female-SG) groups according to OSA severity.