Kinomics.

Kinomics is derived from the word kinome that is the kinase part of the proteome. Kinomics is a merger between genomics and proteomics. Defining the kinase complement of the human genome, the kinome, has provided an excellent starting point for understanding the scale of the problem.

Toxicogenomics.

Toxicogenomics is defined as an integration of genomics (transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics) and toxicology. It is a scientific field that studies how the genome is involved in responses to environmental stressors and toxicants. It combines studies of mRNA expression, cell and tissue-wide protein expression and metabonomics to understand the role of gene-environment interactions in disease.

Transcriptomics.

Transcriptomics, a genome-wide measurement of mRNA expression levels based on DNA microarray technology is one of the prominent fields of study. This is the term given to the set of all transcripts or messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules produced in cells. It can also be applied to the specific subset of transcripts present in a particular cell or the total set of transcripts in a given organism.

RNAi--a tool for target finding in new drug development.

RNAi (RNA interference) refers to the introduction of homologous double stranded RNA (dsRNA) to specifically target a gene's product, resulting in null or hypomorphic phenotypes. Long double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs; typically >200 nt) can be used to silence the expression of target genes in a variety of organisms and cell types (e.g.

Blood stage parasites: sufficient to induce protective immunity.

Merozoites are the surface antigens and variant antigens expressed on the surface of malaria-infected erythrocytes (including PfEMP1) are both targets of protective antibody responses. The mechanism of the modified immune response was observed after subpatent infections. Subpatently infected mice had increased antigen-specific T-cell responses; they were not better protected than patently infected mice.

Epigenomics.

'Epigenomics' can be termed as the study of the effects of chromatin structure, including the higher order of chromatin folding and attachment to the nuclear matrix, packaging of DNA around nucleosomes, covalent modifications of histone tails and DNA methylation. This has evolved to include any process that alters gene activity without changing the DNA sequence, and leads to modifications that can be transmitted to daughter cells. It also leads to a better knowledge of the changes in the regulation of genes and genomes that occur in major psychosis.

Microarray: an approach for current drug targets.

Microarrays are a powerful tool has multiple applications both in clinical and cellular and molecular biology arenas. Early assessment of the probable biological importance of drug targets, pharmacogenomics, toxicogenomics and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A list of new drug candidates along with proposed targets for intervention is described.

Proteomics: technologies for protein analysis.

Proteomics technologies have produced an abundance of drug targets, which is creating a bottleneck in drug development process. There is an increasing need for better target validation for new drug development and proteomic technologies are contributing to it. Identifying a potential protein drug target within a cell is a major challenge in modern drug discovery; techniques for screening the proteome are, therefore, an important tool.

Pharmacogenomics.

Pharmacogenetics is the intersection of the fields of pharmacology and genetics. Simply stated, pharmacogenetics is the study of how genetic variations affect the ways in which people respond to drugs. These variations can manifest themselves as differences in the drug targets or as differences in the enzymes that metabolize drugs.

Oncogenomics.

The rapid developments in the field of genomics and proteomics are expected to lead to a further increase in the potential for early diagnosis, the fine-tuning of prognostic features of specific tumors and the detection of cancer predisposition. Oncogenomics has identified new drug targets for genotype-specific treatments and provided strategies to validate these targets and to develop drugs. With the potential need to stratify patients by genotype, clinical testing of targeted drugs has become more complicated while expectations of patients, investors, and funding agencies have become accelerated.

Species scaling and extrapolation.

The various scaling methodologies and molecular features analysis were applied to new dataset to predict human pharmacokinetics studies. Whereas the predictive accuracies demonstrated across all of the various methodologies were lower for this higher clearance compound dataset, scaling from species continued to be an accurate methodology, and human volume of distribution was similarly well predicted regardless of scaling methodology. Also, extrapolation is the method for constructing new data points given a set of discrete data points.

Clonetics.

Work on human immortalized cell lines is not considered research on human subjects, but does involve biohazards. It has also been estimated that about 80% of human cell lines are the kind of cells that they are expected. Cells that are cultured directly from a subject are referred to as primary cells.

Metabolomics.

Metabolomics is based on the simultaneous analysis of multiple low-molecular-weight metabolites from a given sample. The goals of metabolomics are to catalog and quantify the myriad small molecules found in biological fluids under different conditions. The metabolomics represents the collection of all metabolites in a biological organism, and metabolic profiling can give an instantaneous 'snapshot' of the physiology of that cell.