Sleep architecture following a weight loss intervention in overweight and obese patients with obstructive sleep apnea and type 2 diabetes: relationship to apnea-hypopnea index.

Study Objectives: To determine if weight loss and/ or changes in apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) improve sleep architecture in overweight/ obese adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Methods: This was a randomized controlled trial including 264 overweight/ obese adults with T2D and OSA. Participants were randomized to an intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) or a diabetes and support education (DSE) control group.

The good doctor: professionalism in the 21st century.

Medical professionalism faces distinctive challenges in the 21st century. In this chapter, we review the history of professionalism, address specific challenges physicians face today, and provide an overview of efforts to address these issues, including behavioral and virtue ethics approaches. First, we discuss core features professions share and the development of codes of medical ethics that guide the practice of western medicine.