Do NSAIDs Take Us Away From Treatment Goals in Axial Spondyloarthritis: A Story About Dysbiosis or Just a Matter of Bias?

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) remain the mainstay of treatment for spondyloarthritides (SpA), a group of entities with common clinical and pathophysiological aspects, but also with differential features. Although NSAIDs provide significant symptomatic relief, especially for joint pain and morning stiffness, their role in achieving and maintaining the treatment goals advocated by the treat to target strategy in SpA is not entirely clear. These agents can induce changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota, also favoring an alteration of the barrier function in the gut epithelium.

Genetic Variants of the NF-κB Pathway: Unraveling the Genetic Architecture of Psoriatic Disease.

Psoriasis is a multifactorial genetic disease for which the genetic factors explain about 70% of disease susceptibility. Up to 30-40% of psoriasis patients develop psoriatic arthritis (PsA). However, PsA can be considered as a "disease within a disease", since in most cases psoriasis is already present when joint complaints begin.

The () polymorphism could protect against development of severe sepsis.

Primary responses in sepsis-mediated inflammation are regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Variations in the cytokine genes might modify their transcription or expression, plasma cytokines levels and response to sepsis. Activation protein-1 (AP-1) and NF-κB regulate cytokines gene expression in sepsis.

Ethambutol-resistant cervical lymphadenitis in an immunocompetent adult patient: A case report and literature review.

extrapulmonary infections are infrequent in immunocompetent adults. Rifampin (RIF), clarithromycin (CLR), isoniazid (INH) and ethambutol (EMB) are included in all the standard regimens against . We report a case of a healthy 65-year-old male farmer who presented with isolated right supraclavicular lymphadenopathy.

Factors predictive of relapse in adult bacterial osteomyelitis of long bones.

Background: Osteomyelitis is a difficult-to-cure infection with a high relapse rate despite combined medical and surgical therapies. Some severity factors, duration of antimicrobial therapy and type of surgical procedure might influence osteomyelitis relapse.

Methods: 116 patients with osteomyelitis were followed for ≥1 year after hospital discharge.

A fatal case of Babesia divergens infection in Northwestern Spain.

We describe a fatal case caused by the intra-erythrocytic Babesia divergens parasite in an elderly woman. This is the third case of fatal babesiosis reported in the last 15 years in Europe, and the only one in a patient with an intact spleen.

Factors associated with long-term CD4 cell recovery in HIV-infected patients on successful antiretroviral therapy.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to study the factors associated with immunological recovery in HIV-infected patients with suppressed viral load.

Methods: Nadir and current CD4 cell counts were recorded in 821 patients, as well as many demographic, epidemiological, lifestyle, clinical, therapeutic, genetic, laboratory, liver fibrosis and viral hepatitis parameters.

Results: The median age of the patients was 44.

Can antiretroviral therapy be tailored to each human immunodeficiency virus-infected individual? Role of pharmacogenomics.

Pharmacogenetics refers to the effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within human genes on drug therapy outcome. Its study might help clinicians to increase the efficacy of antiretroviral drugs by improving their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and by decreasing their side effects. HLAB*5701 genotyping to avoid the abacavir-associated hypersensitivity reaction (HSR) is a cost-effective diagnostic tool, with a 100% of negative predictive value, and, therefore, it has been included in the guidelines for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.

The effect of gender and genetic polymorphisms on matrix metalloprotease (MMP) and tissue inhibitor (TIMP) plasma levels in different infectious and non-infectious conditions.

Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are increased in different infections due to their role in controlling immune responses and are regulated by tissue inhibitors (TIMPs). Different MMP promoter single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) induce changes in MMP genes, mRNA and protein expression. Gender might also modify MMP plasma levels.

Endothelial (NOS3 E298D) and inducible (NOS2 exon 22) nitric oxide synthase polymorphisms, as well as plasma NOx, influence sepsis development.

Introduction: Nitric oxide (NO) influences susceptibility to infection and hemodynamic failure (HF) in sepsis. NOS3 and NOS2 SNPs might modify plasma nitrite/nitrate (NOx) levels, sepsis development, hemodynamics and survival.

Methods: 90 severely septic and 91 non-infected ICU patients were prospectively studied.

Role of plasma matrix-metalloproteases (MMPs) and their polymorphisms (SNPs) in sepsis development and outcome in ICU patients.

Matrix-metalloproteases (MMPs) and their tissue-inhibitors (TIMPs), modulated by different single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), are critical in sepsis development. Ninety ICU severely septic and 91 ICU uninfected patients were prospectively studied. MMP-1 (-1607 1G/2G), MMP-3 (-1612 5A/6A), MMP-8 (-799 C/T), MMP-9 (-1562 C/T), and MMP-13 (-77A/G) SNPs were genotyped.

tPA Alu (I/D) polymorphism associates with bacterial osteomyelitis.

Background: Coagulation and fibrinolysis are important in infections and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Polymorphisms in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1, SERPINE1) and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA, PLAT), such as PAI-1 (-675 4G/5G deletion/insertion) and tPA (Alu insertion/deletion [I/D]), are associated with strokes, myocardial infarctions, bacterial infections and septic shock severity, and trauma. Osteomyelitis is a mostly posttraumatic, Staphylococcal bone infection.

Didanosine (ddI) associates with increased liver fibrosis in adult HIV-HCV coinfected patients.

The role of exposure to antiretrovirals (ARV) and serum matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) on liver fibrosis (LF) progression in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) mono or HIV- hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection is unclear. Thus, 213 Caucasian adult HIV-infected patients were studied, 111 of whom had HCV-coinfection and 68 were HCV-monoinfected. Patients with ethanol consumption >50 g/day, hepatitis B coinfection, non-infective liver diseases or HAART adherence <75% were excluded.