Synthesis and crystal structure of -10-(4-cyano-phen-yl)-10,11,22,23-tetra-hydro-9,21-5,8:15,12-bis-(metheno)[1,5,11]tri-aza-cyclo-hexadecino[1,16-:5,6-']di-indole di-chloro-methane monosolvate.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound is composed of one host mol-ecule, -4-(1 ,5 -3-aza-1,5(3,9)-dicarbazola-cyclo-octa-phane-3-yl)benzo-nitrile and one di-chloro-methane solvate mol-ecule, CHN·CHCl. The host mol-ecule possesses a planar chirality but crystallizes as a racemate in the space group 2/. It adopts an -configuration, in which two carbazole rings are partially overlapped with a parallel orientation.

Crystal structure of (μ-7-{[bis-(pyridin-2-ylmeth-yl)amino-1κ ,','']meth-yl}-5-chloro-quinolin-8-olato-2κ;1:2κ )tri-chlorido-1κ,2κ -dizinc(II).

The title compound, [Zn(CHClNO)Cl], is a dinuclear zinc(II) complex with three chlorido ligands and one penta-dentate ligand containing quinolin-8-olato and bis-(pyridin-2-ylmeth-yl)amine groups. One of the two Zn atom adopts a tetra-hedral geometry and coordinates two chlorido ligands with chelate coord-ination of the N and O atoms of the quinolin-8-olato group in the ligand. The other Zn atom adopts a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal geometry, and coordinates one chlorido-O atom of the quinolin-8-olato group and three N atoms of the bis-(pyridin-2-ylmeth-yl)amine unit.

Developing a battery of physical performance tests to predict functional disability in Japanese older adults: A longitudinal study from the Kasama study.

Aim: Preventing functional disability benefits the quality of life of older adults and mitigates the economic burden of an aging society. However, the most effective physical performance tests and optimal cut points for identifying older adults at risk of functional disability remain unclear, and Japan lacks physical function-based assessment tools. We aimed to identify the physical performance tests related to functional disability and to develop a predictive test battery for it.

Association of watching sports games with subsequent health and well-being among adults in Japan: An outcome-wide longitudinal approach.

Objective: Although the health benefits of playing sports are well-known, the association between watching sports and health is not well understood. We examined the longitudinal association of watching sports with 20 different health and well-being outcomes.

Methods: Three-wave cohort data from 6327 adults (4851 workers) in the Meiji Yasuda LifeStyle study were used to draw causal inferences.

Cross-sectional study of the optimal types of physical exercise for cognitive function in older Japanese adults.

Aim: This study aimed to determine whether practicing coordination exercises, compared with other physical exercise types, is associated with better cognitive function in older Japanese adults.

Methods: This cross-sectional study used data from a health checkup project carried out from 2015 to 2019 among older adults living in Kasama City, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. Data from 569 participants (mean age 74.

The power of cultural habits: The role of effortless control in delaying gratification.

What factors lead children to delay gratification, holding out for larger rewards later instead of taking smaller rewards now? Traditionally, delay of gratification has been associated with effortful control and willpower. However, we propose that delay of gratification may be partially supported by effortless control employed through habits shaped within sociocultural contexts. Specifically, in sociocultural contexts where waiting is rewarding and socially valued, children are more likely to wait for larger, delayed rewards and to form associations between these contexts and waiting for rewards.

Crystal structure of the 1:1 co-crystal 4-(di-methylamino)-pyridin-1-ium 8-hy-droxy-quinoline-5-sulfonate-,-di-methyl-pyridin-4-amine.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound is composed of two independent ion pairs of 4-(di-methyl-amino)-pyridin-1-ium 8-hy-droxy-quinoline-5-sulfonate (HDMAP·HqSA, CHN ·CHNOS) and neutral ,-di-methyl-pyridin-4-amine mol-ecules (DMAP, CHN), co-crystallized as a 1:1:1 HDMAP:HqSA:DMAP adduct in the monoclinic system, space group . The compound has a layered structure, including cation layers of HDMAP with DMAP and anion layers of HqSA in the crystal. In the cation layer, there are inter-molecular N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds between the protonated HDMAP mol-ecule and the neutral DMAP mol-ecule.

Effect of Inspiratory Muscle-Loaded Exercise Training on Ventilatory Response and Intercostal Muscle Deoxygenation During Incremental Cycling Exercise.

This study evaluated the effects of exercise training (ET) and inspiratory muscle-loaded exercise training (IMLET) on ventilatory response and intercostal muscle deoxygenation levels during incremental cycling exercise. Twenty-one male participants were randomly divided into IMLET ( = 10) or ET ( = 11) groups. All participants underwent a 4-week cycling exercise training at 60% peak oxygen uptake.

No evidence for cross-paradigm transfer of abstract task knowledge in adults and school-aged children.

Cognitive control is a hallmark of human cognition. A large number of studies have focused on the plasticity of cognitive control and examined how repeated task experience leads to the improvement of cognitive control in novel task environments. However, it has been demonstrated that training-induced changes are very selective and that transfer occurs within one task paradigm but not across different task paradigms.

Comparative analysis of root associated microbes in tropical cultivated and weedy rice (Oryza spp.) and temperate cultivated rice.

Weedy rice is a major problem in paddy fields around the world. It is well known that weedy rice appears to grow faster and mature earlier than cultivated rice. It is possible that differences in the root microbial genetics are correlated with this characteristic.

When stimulus variability accelerates the learning of task knowledge in adults and school-aged children.

Experience with instances that vary in their surface features helps individuals to form abstract task knowledge, leading to transfer of that knowledge to novel contexts. The current study sought to examine the role of this variability effect in how adults and school-aged children learn to engage cognitive control. We focused on the engagement of cognitive control in advance (proactive control) and in response to conflicts (reactive control) in a cued task-switching paradigm, and conducted four preregistered online experiments with adults (Experiment 1A: N = 100, Experiment 1B: N = 105) and 9- to 10-year-olds (Experiment 2A: N = 98, Experiment 2B: N = 97).

Estimation of factors contributing to level differences in Japanese university decathlon athletes.

This study aimed to estimate the factors that cause differences in competition level based on the competition performance structure among university student decathletes in Japan. The results of factor analysis using the maximum likelihood method (Oblimin rotation), assuming a five-factor structure estimated from parallel analysis and the information criterion, revealed the following competitive performance structures: "running speed and body projection," "running endurance," "rotational throwing power," "translational throwing power," and "vertical leaping power." Some of these were similar to the competitive performance structures of the world's top athletes, but they were found to have a unique structure: two throwing powers.

Survey of students and guardians for assessing the early detection of auditory processing disorder and listening difficulties in school-age students.

Objective: Auditory processing disorders (APD) and listening difficulties (LiD) are becoming increasingly prevalent in young adults. Our study surveyed students and their guardians to assess the early detection of APD and LiDs in students aged 6-18 years. We estimated the percentage of students with LiDs and assessed their guardians' perceptions during different school years.

Evidence for positive and negative transfer of abstract task knowledge in adults and school-aged children.

Engaging cognitive control is essential to flexibly adapt to constantly changing environments. However, relatively little is known about how prior task experience impacts on the engagement of cognitive control in novel task environments. We aimed to clarify how individuals learn and transfer the engagement of cognitive control with a focus on the hierarchical and temporal aspects of task knowledge.

Surface Glass Transition Temperature Region of Diarylethene Films Determined by Nano-Marangoni Effect.

For the last two decades, research has addressed whether the glass transition temperature and the molecular motions on the surface of organic films are significantly different from those inside the bulk glasses. It is reported that the surface of the photochromic diarylethene film prepared by vacuum deposition has fluidity and the vacuum deposition of small amount of rubrene molecules induces surface tension fluctuations, generating dents due to the Marangoni flow in nanoscale. The depth of the dents increases in proportion to these radii for the colorless diarylethene film with a bulk glass transition temperature (Tg) close to room temperature.

Facilitation of imitative movement in patients with chronic hemiplegia triggered by illusory ownership.

The sense of body ownership, the feeling that one's body belongs to oneself, is a crucial subjective conscious experience of one's body. Recent methodological advances regarding crossmodal illusions have provided novel insights into how multisensory interactions shape human perception and cognition, underpinning conscious experience, particularly alteration of body ownership. Moreover, in post-stroke rehabilitation, encouraging the use of the paretic limb in daily life is considered vital, as a settled sense of ownership and attentional engagement toward the paralyzed body part may promote increased frequency of its use and prevent learned nonuse.

Stimulus control of a social operant.

Three pigeon dyads were exposed to a two-component multiple schedule comprised of two tandem variable-interval 30-s interresponse time (IRT) > 3-s schedules in the presence of different stimuli. Pecks to keys by both pigeons of a dyad occurring within 500 ms of one another were required for reinforcement under one tandem schedule (the coordination component), and such coordinated responses were not required under the other (the control component). The terminal link of each schedule ensured that the reinforced coordination response was an IRT > 3 s.

Real, potentially real, and hypothetical monetary rewards in probability discounting.

Although hypothetical rewards have been used almost exclusively in human discounting studies, investigations of their validity are limited. The present experiment compared the discounting of monetary reward value by probability across conditions in which the rewards were real, potentially real, and hypothetical. Twenty-four undergraduates choose between an uncertain large reward and a certain small reward 60 times (trials).

Correlates of early attrition from school sports clubs in male senior high school students: a 2.4-year follow-up study.

The correlation between early attrition and school sports clubs has been underexplored. This study aims to clarify the correlates of early attrition from school sports clubs at a private male senior high school in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. Of the 928 first-year students, 331 belonging to the school's sports clubs were included in this study.

Crystal structure of poly[(aceto-nitrile-κ)(μ-7-{[bis-(pyridin-2-ylmeth-yl)amino]-meth-yl}-8-hy-droxy-quinoline-5-sulfonato-κ,:':'')sodium].

In the title compound, [Na(CHNOS)(CHCN)], the Na atom adopts a distorted square-pyramidal coordination geometry, formed by one N and one O atom of the qunolinol moiety in the ligand, two O atoms of sulfonate moieties of two adjacent ligands and the N atom of the coordinated aceto-nitrile solvent. The Na atom is located well above the mean basal plane of the square-based pyramid. The apical position is occupied by a sulfonate O atom of a neighboring ligand.

Shoot gravitropism and organ straightening cooperate to arrive at a mechanically favorable shape in Arabidopsis.

Gravitropism is the plant organ bending in response to gravity, while a straightening mechanism prevents bending beyond the gravitropic set-point angle. The promotion and prevention of bending occur simultaneously around the inflorescence stem tip. How these two opposing forces work together and what part of the stem they affect are unknown.