Lessons learned from conducting a community-based, nurse-led HIV prevention trial with youth experiencing homelessness: Pivots and pitfalls.

Objective: This article highlights key lessons learned while conducting a nurse-led community-based HIV prevention trial with youth experiencing homelessness (YEH), focusing on sexually transmitted infections testing and treatment, intervention sessions, community partnerships, and participant recruitment and retention.

Design: The insights and experiences shared aim to inform future research and the design of interventions targeting populations at high risk, particularly when facing unanticipated challenges. By addressing these areas, the article contributes to the decision-making for the design and delivery of effective strategies to improve the health outcomes among marginalized populations.

Potassium-Switch Signaling Pathway Dictates Acute Blood Pressure Response to Dietary Potassium.

Background: Potassium (K)-deficient diets, typical of modern processed foods, increase blood pressure (BP) and NaCl sensitivity. A K-dependent signaling pathway in the kidney distal convoluted tubule, coined the K switch, that couples extracellular K sensing to activation of the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC) and NaCl retention has been implicated, but causality has not been established.

Methods: To test the hypothesis that small, physiological changes in plasma K (P) are translated to BP through the switch pathway, a genetic approach was used to activate the downstream switch kinase, SPAK (SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase), within the distal convoluted tubule.

A multi-center comparison of surgical techniques for corpus Callosotomy in pediatric drug-resistant epilepsy.

Objectives: Corpus callosotomy (CC) is used to reduce seizures, primarily in patients with generalized drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). The invasive nature of the procedure contributes to underutilization despite its potential superiority to other palliative procedures. The goal of this study was to use a multi-institutional epilepsy surgery database to characterize the use of CC across participating centers.

Prevalence and correlates of high-dose opioid use among survivors of head and neck cancer.

Background: We characterized prescription opioid medication use up to 2 years following the head and neck cancer (HNC) diagnosis and examined associations with moderate or high daily opioid prescription dose.

Methods: Using administrative data from Veterans Health Administration, we conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of 5522 Veterans treated for cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract between 2012 and 2019. Data included cancer diagnosis and treatments, pain severity, prescription opioid characteristics, demographics, and other clinical factors.

Global Burden of Female Breast Cancer: Age-Period-Cohort Analysis of Incidence Trends From 1990 to 2019 and Forecasts for 2035.

Introduction: This study aimed to describe the latest epidemiology of female breast cancer globally, analyze the change pattern of the incidence rates and the disease's association with age, period, and birth cohort, and subsequently present a forecast of breast cancer incidence.

Methods: Data for analysis were obtained from Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019 and World Population Prospects 2019 revision by the United Nations (UN). We described the age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) from 1990 to 2019 and then calculated the relative risks of period and cohort using an age-period-cohort model, and predicted the trends of ASIRs to 2035.

Global, regional, and national childhood cancer burden, 1990-2019: An analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

Introduction: Cancer is the leading cause of death among children.

Objectives: We report on the latest estimates of the burden of cancer among children at the global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2019.

Methods: Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, children's cancer data were analyzed by sex, age, year, and location.

Global Burden of Respiratory Diseases Attributable to Ambient Particulate Matter Pollution: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

Exposure to ambient particulate matter pollution (APMP) is a global health issue that directly affects the human respiratory system. Thus, we estimated the spatiotemporal trends in the burden of APMP-related respiratory diseases from 1990 to 2019. Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, data on the burden of APMP-related respiratory diseases were analyzed by age, sex, cause, and location.

Estimates of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Burden Attributable to Particulate Matter Pollution and Its 30-Year Change Patterns: A Systematic Analysis of Data From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

Background: Epidemiological trends of type 2 diabetes mellitus attributable to fine particulate matter (PM) pollution remain unclear. Here, we estimated spatiotemporal trends of type 2 diabetes mellitus burden attributable to PM pollution, including ambient particulate matter pollution (APMP) and household air pollution (HAP), from 1990-2019.

Methods: Data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 and were analyzed by age, sex, year, and location.

Assessment of Global Trends in the Diagnosis of Mesothelioma From 1990 to 2017.

Importance: It is difficult for policy makers and clinicians to formulate targeted management strategies for mesothelioma because data on current epidemiological patterns worldwide are lacking.

Objective: To evaluate the mesothelioma burden across the world and describe its epidemiological distribution over time and by sociodemographic index (SDI) level, geographic location, sex, and age.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Annual case data and age-standardized rates of incidence, death, and disability-adjusted life-years associated with mesothelioma among different age groups were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2017 database.

Lentiviral-Driven Discovery of Cancer Drug Resistance Mutations.

Identifying resistance mutations in a drug target provides crucial information. Lentiviral transduction creates multiple types of mutations due to the error-prone nature of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Here we optimized and leveraged this property to identify drug resistance mutations, developing a technique we term LentiMutate.

Global, Regional, and National Burden of Diabetes-Related Chronic Kidney Disease From 1990 to 2019.

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a public health problem largely caused by diabetes. The epidemiology of diabetes mellitus-related CKD (CKD-DM) could provide specific support to lessen global, regional, and national CKD burden.

Methods: Data were derived from the GBD 2019 study, including four measures and age-standardized rates (ASRs).

Association of 13 Occupational Carcinogens in Patients With Cancer, Individually and Collectively, 1990-2017.

Importance: Occupational exposure to carcinogens has been shown to pose a serious disease burden at the global, regional, and national levels. Based on epidemiologic studies and clinical observations, working environment appears to have important effects on the occurrence of human malignant tumors; however, to date, no systematic articles have been published that specifically investigated cancer burden due to occupational exposure in an individual and collective manner.

Objective: To estimate the degree of exposure and evaluate the cancer burden attributable to occupational carcinogens (OCs) individually and collectively by sex, age, year, and location.

Burden, trends, and risk factors of esophageal cancer in China from 1990 to 2017: an up-to-date overview and comparison with those in Japan and South Korea.

Background: The epidemiology of esophageal cancer (EC) can elucidate its causes and risk factors and help develop prevention strategies. We aimed to provide an overview of the burden, trends, and risk factors of EC in China from 1990 to 2017. We also investigated the differences between China, Japan, and South Korea and discussed the possible causes of the disparities.

Preimmune Control of the Variance of TCR CDR-B3: Insights Gained From Germline Replacement of a TCR Dβ Gene Segment With an Ig D Gene Segment.

We have previously shown that the sequence of the immunoglobulin diversity gene segment (D ) helps dictate the structure and composition of complementarity determining region 3 of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (CDR-H3). In order to test the role of germline D sequence on the diversity of the preimmune TCRβ repertoire of T cells, we generated a mouse with a mutant TCRβ DJC locus wherein the Dβ2-Jβ2 gene segment cluster was deleted and the remaining diversity gene segment, Dβ1 (IMGT:TRDB1), was replaced with DSP2.3 (IMGT:IGHD2-02), a commonly used B cell immunoglobulin D gene segment.

Association of Secukinumab Treatment With Tuberculosis Reactivation in Patients With Psoriasis, Psoriatic Arthritis, or Ankylosing Spondylitis.

Importance: Approximately one-quarter of the global population have latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), and tuberculosis (TB) is accountable for more than 1.5 million deaths annually. Methotrexate, cyclosporine, and tumor necrosis factor inhibitors may be associated with increased risk of TB and LTBI reactivation, although data are limited on the risks of TB with use of newer biologics.

Inorganic Phosphate in the Pathogenesis of Pregnancy-Related Complications.

Inorganic phosphate (P) is an essential nutrient that fulfills critical roles in human health. It enables skeletal ossification, supports cellular structure and organelle function, and serves key biochemical roles in energetics and molecular signaling. P homeostasis is modulated through diet, intestinal uptake, renal reabsorption, and mobilization of stores in bone and extracellular compartments.

Epidemiological trends of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer at the global, regional, and national levels: a population-based study.

Background: Investigations of disease incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) are valuable for facilitating preventive measures and health resource planning. We examined the tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer burdens worldwide according to sex, age, and social development index (SDI) at the global, regional, and national levels.

Methods: We assessed the TBL cancer burden using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database, including 21 regions, 195 countries, and territories in the diagnostic period 1990-2017.

Pericyte abnormalities precede strial capillary basement membrane thickening in Alport mice.

In 129 Sv autosomal Alport mice, the strial capillary basement membranes (SCBMs) progressively thicken between 5 and 9 weeks of age resulting in a hypoxic microenvironment with metabolic stress and induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. These events occur concomitant with a drop in endocochlear potential and a susceptibility to noise-induced hearing loss under conditions that do not permanently affect age/strain-matched littermates. Here we aimed to gain an understanding of events that occur before the onset of SCBM thickening.

Fingolimod retains cytolytic T cells and limits T follicular helper cell infection in lymphoid sites of SIV persistence.

Lymph nodes (LN) and their resident T follicular helper CD4+ T cells (Tfh) are a critical site for HIV replication and persistence. Therefore, optimizing antiviral activity in lymphoid tissues will be needed to reduce or eliminate the HIV reservoir. In this study, we retained effector immune cells in LN of cART-suppressed, SIV-infected rhesus macaques by treatment with the lysophospholipid sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor modulator FTY720 (fingolimod).