Red Blood Cell Transfusion and Postoperative Delirium in Hip Fracture Surgery Patients: A Retrospective Observational Cohort Study.

Background: Patients having hip fracture surgery are at high risk for postoperative delirium. Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion may increase postoperative delirium risk by causing neuroinflammation. We hypothesized that RBC transfusion would be associated with postoperative delirium in patients having hip fracture surgery.

Eosinophilic vacuolated tumor (EVT) of kidney demonstrates sporadic TSC/MTOR mutations: next-generation sequencing multi-institutional study of 19 cases.

A distinct renal tumor has recently been described as "high-grade oncocytic renal tumor" and "sporadic renal cell carcinoma with eosinophilic and vacuolated cytoplasm". The Genitourinary Pathology Society (GUPS) consensus proposed a unifying name "eosinophilic vacuolated tumor" (EVT) for this emerging entity. In this multi-institutional study, we evaluated 19 EVTs, particularly their molecular features and mutation profile, using next-generation sequencing.

Whole-genome sequencing of African Americans implicates differential genetic architecture in inflammatory bowel disease.

Whether or not populations diverge with respect to the genetic contribution to risk of specific complex diseases is relevant to understanding the evolution of susceptibility and origins of health disparities. Here, we describe a large-scale whole-genome sequencing study of inflammatory bowel disease encompassing 1,774 affected individuals and 1,644 healthy control Americans with African ancestry (African Americans). Although no new loci for inflammatory bowel disease are discovered at genome-wide significance levels, we identify numerous instances of differential effect sizes in combination with divergent allele frequencies.

Long-term outcomes of spinal ependymomas: an institutional experience of more than 60 cases.

Purpose: Spinal ependymomas represent the most common primary intramedullary tumors for which optimal management remains undefined. When possible, gross total resection (GTR) is often the mainstay of treatment, with consideration of radiotherapy (RT) in cases of residual or recurrent tumor. The impact of extent of resection and radiotherapy remain understudied.

New pharmacological treatment options for irritable bowel syndrome with constipation.

Introduction: Constipation predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-C) is a common disorder and accounts for a large number of ambulatory visits. Sensory abnormalities, that is, presence of abdominal pain and discomfort, distinguish IBS-C from chronic idiopathic constipation.

Area Covered: This review focuses on the pharmacology, efficacy, safety, and future of prucalopride, YKP-10811, DSP-6952, dexloxiglumide, linaclotide, plecanatide, tenapanor, and elobixibat.

Evaluation of esophageal sensation.

Dramatic progress has been made over the past decade in the sophistication and availability of equipment to test esophageal motility and sensation. High-resolution esophageal manometry and impedance have moved from the research clinic into clinical practice. Some of the testing is costly and time consuming, and requires extensive experience to perform the testing and properly interpret the results.

Correlation of endoscopy and histology in the gastroesophageal mucosa in children: are routine biopsies justified?

Guidelines for obtaining biopsies during endoscopy in children are needed. The endoscopic evaluation may be considered deficient on many occasions if not accompanied by a histopathologic evaluation. A retrospective review of our endoscopic records and biopsies was undertaken to determine the correlation of the visualized endoscopic appearance and the histopathologic findings in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract in children.

Intrathecal opioid conversions: the importance of lipophilicity.

An intrathecal opioid infusion using an implanted programmable pump is frequently used for controlling refractory pain. Morphine, which is the only opioid presently approved by the FDA for use in such pumps, occasionally fails to work or is not tolerated by the patient; therefore other opioids are considered for infusions. When switching from one drug to another, it is important to consider not only equianalgesic dose conversions, but also lipophilicity.