Effect of Initial Inoculum on the Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Wheat Blast Under Field Conditions in Bolivia.

Epidemiological studies to better understand wheat blast (WB) spatial and temporal patterns were conducted in three field environments in Bolivia between 2019 and 2020. The temporal dynamics of wheat leaf blast (WB) and spike blast (WB) were best described by the logistic model compared with the Gompertz and exponential models. The nonlinear logistic infection rates were higher under defined inoculation in experiments two and three than under undefined inoculation in experiment one, and they were also higher for WB than for WB.

Evaluating the NRC levels of Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn using organic and inorganic mineral sources for grower-finisher swine.

The dietary effects of Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn levels, and the addition of Zn and Fe to a nonfortified, micromineral basal diet were evaluated in grower-finisher pigs. Growth, feed efficiency, hematology, carcass characteristics, and loin quality were assessed in growing-finishing pigs (n = 222; initial BW = 24 kg). Corn-soybean meal diets fortified with limestone and dicalcium phosphate with added phytase constituted the basal diets.

Effect of dietary calcium and phosphorus levels on the total tract digestibility of innate and supplemental organic and inorganic microminerals in a corn-soybean meal based diet of grower pigs.

The effects of Ca and P (CaP) levels and micromineral sources on mineral digestibility were evaluated in growing pigs. Treatments consisted of 2 levels of CaP and 3 trace mineral (TM) treatments arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial in a randomized complete block design with 8 replicates. The CaP levels evaluated were: 1) 0.

Effect of dietary inulin and phytase on mineral digestibility and tissue retention in weanling and growing swine.

The effect of dietary phytase and the prebiotic inulin on apparent mineral digestibility, bone mineralization, and tissue mineral contents was evaluated in weanling and growing pigs. In Exp. 1, inulin and phytase were incorporated in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments with 8 replicate pens per treatment in a randomized complete block design.

Grain Harvesting Strategies to Minimize Grain Quality Losses Due to Fusarium Head Blight in Wheat.

Fusarium head blight (FHB) reduces wheat grain yield and quality, leading to price discounts due to Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK), deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination of grain, and reduced test weight (weight per unit volume of grain). Experiments were conducted to determine whether changing combine harvester configurations to differentially remove diseased kernels affected the yield and quality of grain harvested from plots with different mean levels of FHB index (IND, mean proportion of diseased spikelets per spike), achieved with inoculations at different spore densities. Plots were harvested using four combine configurations, with C1 being the standard, set at a fan speed of 1,375 rpm and a shutter opening of 70 mm, and C2, C3, and C4 regulated to fan speeds and shutter openings of 1,475 rpm and 70 mm, 1,475 rpm and 90 mm, and 1,375 rpm and 90 mm, respectively.

Effect of injected and dietary iron in young pigs on blood hematology and postnatal pig growth performance.

The relationship of injected Fe doses on blood hematology and pig growth performance during both preweaning and postweaning periods was studied. In Exp. 1, the effect of BW of 347 pigs injected with 200 mg of Fe (dextran) intramuscularly (i.

Effect of dietary organic microminerals on starter pig performance, tissue mineral concentrations, and liver and plasma enzyme activities.

Weanling pigs (n = 160) were used to evaluate dietary essential microminerals (Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, and Zn) on performance, tissue minerals, and liver and plasma enzymatic activities during a 35-d postweaning period. A randomized complete block design with 5 treatments and 8 replicates was used in this study. Organic microminerals were added to complex nursery diets at 0 (basal), 50, 100, or 150% of the requirements of microminerals listed by the 1998 NRC.

Macro- and micromineral composition of fetal pigs and their accretion rates during fetal development.

Twenty-six crossbreed (Yorkshire x Landrace) sows bred to Duroc boars were used to determine fetal measurements and mineral compositions at various stages of gestation. Sows were fed a vitamin and mineral fortified 15% CP corn soybean meal gestation diet fed at 2.1 kg daily with dietary minerals meeting or in excess of NRC requirements.

Mineral composition of two genetic lines of barrows and gilts from twenty to one hundred twenty-five kilograms of body weight.

Two genetic lines of barrows and gilt pigs with lean BW gain averages of 280 and 375 g/d were used to evaluate their macro- and micromineral contents at BW intervals from 20 to 125 kg of BW. The experiment was a 2 x 2 x 5 factorial arrangement of treatments (i.e.

Effects of neonatal iron status, iron injections at birth, and weaning in young pigs from sows fed either organic or inorganic trace minerals.

Second-parity sows (n = 7) were fed diets containing organic or inorganic trace minerals, and their progeny (n = 68) were used to determine the Fe status of pigs at birth and nursing and postweaning phases. The experiment comprised 2 parts, in which the first experiment was a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Sow trace mineral (organic vs.

Phenotypic measurements and various indices of lean and fat tissue development in barrows and gilts of two genetic lines from twenty to one hundred twenty-five kilograms of body weight.

Two genetic lines with different lean gains were evaluated for various body measurements and indices of lean tissue in barrows and gilts from 20 to 125 kg of BW. One genetic line was identified as the low-lean line [280 g of fat-free lean (FFL)/d], and the second line was the high-lean line (375 FFL gained/d). The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design using a 2 x 2 x 5 factorial arrangement of treatments in 6 replicates (n = 120 pigs).

Tissue weights and body composition of two genetic lines of barrows and gilts from twenty to one hundred twenty-five kilograms of body weight.

Barrows and gilts of 2 genetic lines with differing lean gain potentials (high-lean = 375 g of fat-free lean/d; low-lean = 280 g of fat-free lean/d) were used to determine tissue and organ weights and compositions from 20 to 125 kg of BW. The experiment was a 2 (genetic line) x 2 (sex) x 5 (BW) factorial arrangement of treatments in a completely randomized design conducted with 2 groups of pigs in 6 replicates (n = 120 pigs). Six pigs from each sex and genetic line were slaughtered at 20 kg of BW and at 25 kg of BW intervals to 125 kg of BW.

Amino acid availability and true metabolizable energy content of corn distillers dried grains with solubles in adult cecectomized roosters.

Five sources of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), which varied in darkness of color, were collected from several processing plants in the Midwestern United States. Sources of DDGS were analyzed for their amino acid and energy contents, measured for color score, and evaluated for TMEn, apparent amino acid digestibility, and true amino acid digestibility. A precision-fed rooster assay was used, in which each DDGS sample was tube fed (25 g) to adult cecectomized roosters, and the excreta were collected for 48 h.

Evaluating the antioxidant status of weanling pigs fed dietary vitamins A and E.

Two experiments evaluated the relationship of vitamin E (source and level) and vitamin A (level) on the apparent absorption and retention of both vitamins in weaned pigs. Both experiments used a combined total of 460 crossbred pigs ([Yorkshire x Landrace] x Duroc), housed in elevated 1.2- x 1.

Effect of dietary levels of vitamin E (all-rac-tocopheryl acetate) with or without added fat on weanling pig performance and tissue alpha-tocopherol concentration.

Two experiments involving 496 cross-bred pigs evaluated the efficacy of various dietary levels of vitamin E, with or without supplemental fat, on postweaning pig performance and weekly serum and terminal tissue alpha-tocopherol concentrations. The first trial involved 248 pigs weaned at an average of 15 d of age and 4.8 kg BW.

Soils, water quality, and watershed size: interactions in the Maumee and Sandusky river basins of northwestern Ohio.

Soil variability in watersheds accounts for the problem of partitioning downstream water quality data and evaluating sources of non-point pollution. This review of previous water quality studies was conducted to examine more closely the influence of soil properties on pollutant export. The approach used in this paper was to start with data from the two largest watersheds (Maumee and Sandusky) and then compare them on a unit area export basis with data from intermediate-size and smaller watersheds.

Liver L-gulonolactone oxidase activity and tissue ascorbic acid concentrations in nursing pigs and the effect of various weaning ages.

In Experiment 1, we evaluated liver L-gulono-gamma-lactone oxidase (GLO) activity and tissue concentration of ascorbic acid in young pigs from birth to weaning (14 d) and through a 28-d postweaning period; in Experiment 2, we evaluated the effect of three weaning ages on these measurements. Sow colostrum and milk collected in both experiments demonstrated a linear decline (P < 0.01) in ascorbic acid concentration as lactation progressed.

Ascorbic acid synthesis in fetal and neonatal pigs and in pregnant and postpartum sows.

The ontogeny of ascorbic acid synthesis and its concentration in fetal pigs from mid- to late gestation, and the effect of birth order and premature or normal delivery ages were evaluated. In Experiment 1, fetal pigs were collected from three sows at 60, 80, 100, 107 and 111 d of development. Liver L-gulono-gamma-lactone oxidase (GLO) activity and ascorbic acid concentration were measured.

Prolonged feeding of high dietary levels of organic and inorganic selenium to gilts from 25 kg body weight through one parity.

An experiment evaluated the selenosis effects from feeding high dietary Se levels of organic or inorganic Se sources to growing gilts with the dietary treatments continued through a reproductive cycle. A total of 88 gilts were allotted at 25 kg BW to two replicates in a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design. Inorganic Se (sodium selenite) or organic (Se-enriched yeast) Se were added to diets at 0.

Effect of dietary selenium source, level, and pig hair color on various selenium indices.

The first experiment evaluated the effects of feeding various levels of Se, two Se sources, and hair color on selenosis responses in growing-finishing pigs. The study conducted in two replicates was a 2 x 6 x 2 factorial arrangement in a split-plot design. Sodium selenite and Se-enriched yeast added at 0.

Comparative effects of high dietary levels of organic and inorganic selenium on selenium toxicity of growing-finishing pigs.

This experiment evaluated the effect of high dietary Se levels using organic or inorganic Se on the selenosis responses in growing-finishing swine. A 2 x 4 factorial arrangement of treatments in a randomized complete block design was conducted in two replicates. Sodium selenite or Se-enriched yeast was added at 5, 10, 15, or 20 ppm Se to corn-soybean meal diets.

Effect of dietary selenium and vitamin E on the ultrastructure and ATP concentration of boar spermatozoa, and the efficacy of added sodium selenite in extended semen on sperm motility.

Three experiments evaluated the effects of dietary Se and vitamin E on the ultrastructure of spermatozoa, ATP concentration of spermatozoa, and the effects of adding sodium selenite to semen extenders on subsequent sperm motility. The experiment was a 2 x 2 arrangement of treatments in a randomized complete block design. A total of 10 mature boars were fed from weaning to 18 mo of age diets fortified with two levels of supplemental Se (0 or .

Effect of dietary selenium and vitamin E on spermatogenic development in boars.

An experiment involving a total of 61 crossbred boars evaluated the effects of dietary Se and vitamin E on spermatogenic development at various stages of sexual development and the prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) content in the seminal vesicle and prostate glands at 18 mo of age. The experiment from 5.4 to 9 mo of age was conducted as a 2 x 2 factorial in a randomized complete block design.

Effect of vitamin E sources (RRR- or all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate) and levels on sow reproductive performance, serum, tissue, and milk alpha-tocopherol contents over a five-parity period, and the effects on the progeny.

Two dietary sources of vitamin E (DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate [DL-beta-TAc], or D-alpha-tocopheryl acetate [DL-alpha-TAc]) at two dietary supplemental levels (30 vs 60 IU/kg) were evaluated in reproducing sows over a five-parity period. The experiment was a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments conducted as a randomized complete block in two replicates. A total of 48 gilts were fed their treatment diets from 40 kg BW through five parities, reflecting a total of 171 farrowings.

Effect of organic and inorganic selenium sources and levels on sow colostrum and milk selenium content.

A study was conducted to evaluate the short-term effects of feeding two dietary Se sources at various Se levels on the transfer of Se to the dam's milk and nursing pig. Six dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with two additional treatments in a randomized complete block designed experiment. Inorganic (sodium selenite) or organic (Se-enriched yeast) Se sources were added to the diet at .