Screening for hyperopia in infants using the PowerRefractor.

Purpose: To determine the proportion of infants in a pediatric medical practice who have high levels of hyperopia in addition to evaluating the ability of the PowerRefractor (PR) [with and without accessory +4.50 diopter (D) spectacles] compared with cycloplegic retinoscopy to detect highly hyperopic refractive errors.

Methods: The cycloplegic refractive error (2 drops tropicamide 1% given 5 min apart) of 200 normal birth weight infants was measured by retinoscopy and the Plusoptix PR.

Intercollegiate usage schedule and the impact resistance of used football helmet faceshields.

Purpose: Although new polycarbonate helmet faceshields can withstand impacts exceeding forces of 2,400 N, repeated impacts and ultraviolet radiation degrade the structural integrity. In this study, the impact resistances of unused, solar-radiated, and of game-used faceshields were analyzed. Also, Division 1 National Collegiate Athletic Association football programs were surveyed concerning their faceshield practices.

Blood levels of vitamin D in teens and young adults with myopia.

Purpose: Longitudinal data suggest that time outdoors may be protective against myopia onset. We evaluated the hypothesis that time outdoors might create differences in circulating levels of vitamin D between myopes and non-myopes.

Methods: Subjects provided 200 μl of peripheral blood in addition to survey information about dietary intakes and time spent in indoor or outdoor activity.

Visual activity before and after the onset of juvenile myopia.

Purpose: To investigate visual activities before and after the onset of juvenile myopia.

Methods: The subjects were 731 incident myopes (-0.75 D or more myopia on cycloplegic autorefraction in both meridians) and 587 emmetropes (between -0.

Evaluation of extractants and precipitants in tear film proteomic analyses.

Purpose: To determine the efficiency of several protein extraction or precipitation treatments used in proteomic analyses.

Methods: Tear samples were taken from each eye of 40 normal subjects using glass microcapillaries. Tear volume was measured followed by storage at -86°C.

Relative peripheral refractive error and the risk of onset and progression of myopia in children.

Purpose: To investigate whether relative peripheral hyperopia is a risk factor for either the onset of myopia in children or the rate of myopic progression.

Methods: The risk of myopia onset was assessed in 2043 nonmyopic third-grade children (mean age ± SD = 8.8 ± 0.

The effect of bifocal add on accommodative lag in myopic children with high accommodative lag.

Purpose: To determine the effect of a bifocal add and manifest correction on accommodative lag in myopic children with high accommodative lag, who have been reported to have the greatest reduction in myopia progression with progressive addition lenses (PALs).

Methods: Monocular accommodative lag to a 4-D Badal stimulus was measured on two occasions 6 months apart in 83 children (mean ± SD age, 9.9 ± 1.

A comparison of spectacle and contact lens wearing times in the ACHIEVE study.

Purpose: The aim was to compare vision correction wearing time between myopic children and teenagers in a clinical trial of contact lenses and spectacles.

Methods: Parents of subjects in the Adolescent and Child Health Initiative for Vision Empowerment (ACHIEVE) study provided wearing times for spectacle and contact lens wear. Hours wearing primary correction and total correction were compared between the two treatment groups.

Gas permeable and soft contact lens wear in children.

Purpose: To compare children's reports of comfort, vision, and contact lens-related issues in gas permeable (GP) and soft (SCL) contact lens wearers.

Methods: Subjects were 116 8- to 11-year old children in the Contact Lenses and Myopia Progression Study. Aspects of contact lens wear were compared for children remaining in their original treatment group (either GPs or SCLs) for 3 years.

Visual acuity and stereopsis screening results in an underserved community.

Background: This report provides a background of pediatric eye examinations and their importance and necessity from a public health perspective. In addition, it introduces a new clinical service that assists educational institutions in achieving goals of improving access to pediatric eye examinations through vision screenings.

Methods: This study focused on visual acuity and stereopsis results obtained from 5 vision screenings at local Boys and Girls Clubs in Boston.

Effect of examiner experience and technique on the alternate cover test.

Purpose: To compare the repeatability of the alternate cover test between experienced and inexperienced examiners and the effects of dissociation time and examiner bias.

Methods: Two sites each had an experienced examiner train 10 subjects (inexperienced examiners) to perform short and long dissociation time alternate cover test protocols at near. Each site conducted testing sessions with an examiner triad (experienced examiner and two inexperienced examiners) who were masked to each other's results.

Hereditary and environmental contributions to emmetropization and myopia.

Twenty years of investigation into emmetropization and the development of myopia has led to several recent insights. Accommodation appears to be an important visual signal for emmetropization. Lens thinning during emmetropization and its cessation at the onset of myopia suggest that interruption of lens stretch during growth is an important part of the process of developing myopia.

7 Tesla MR imaging of the human eye in vivo.

Purpose: To develop a protocol which optimizes contrast, resolution and scan time for three-dimensional (3D) imaging of the human eye in vivo using a 7 Tesla (T) scanner and custom radio frequency (RF) coil.

Materials And Methods: Initial testing was conducted to reduce motion and susceptibility artifacts. Three-dimensional FFE and IR-TFE images were obtained with variable flip angles and TI times.

Myopia progression during three years of soft contact lens wear.

Purpose: To analyze the effect of lens material alone on myopia progression in a multi-center non-randomized prospective study of daily wear hydrogel and continuous wear silicone hydrogel contact lenses.

Methods: Refractive error data from completing subjects were collected during a 3-year study of 54 subjects wearing low-Dk/t hydrogel contact lenses for daily wear and 230 wearing silicone hydrogel contact lenses for up to 30 nights continuous wear. Univariate analysis of refractive error changes was first conducted on factors of lens type, age at baseline, and baseline refractive error.

Early childhood refractive error and parental history of myopia as predictors of myopia.

Purpose: To determine the utility of a child's first grade refractive error and parental history of myopia as predictors of myopia onset between the second and eighth grades.

Methods: Subjects were nonmyopic children in the first grade who were enrolled in the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error (CLEERE) Study. Myopia was defined as -0.

Impact of a rinse step on protein removal from silicone hydrogel contact lenses.

Purpose: To determine the impact of the rinse step in "no rub" contact lens care systems relative to its ability to assist in removing loosely associated and bound tear film proteins from a worn silicone hydrogel lens.

Methods: After informed consent, subjects were fitted with lotrafilcon B contact lenses (CIBA Vision). If the fit was acceptable, subjects were asked to wear the lenses on a daily wear basis for 5 (+2, -0) days for an outcome visit.

An evaluation of the Bausch & Lomb Zywave aberrometer.

Purpose: The Bausch & Lomb Zywave uses Shack-Hartmann aberrometry to determine wavefront aberrations of the human eye and provide an estimate of refractive error. We investigated the effect of pupil size on the repeatability and validity of refractive errors estimated by the Zywave and the repeatability of higher-order aberrations.

Methods: Twenty-three subjects were measured with the Zywave under natural and cycloplegic conditions on two occasions separated by at least one week.

Accommodation, acuity, and their relationship to emmetropization in infants.

Purpose: To evaluate the relationship between accommodation, visual acuity, and emmetropization in human infancy.

Methods: Defocus at distance and near (57 cm) was assessed using Mohindra and dynamic retinoscopy, respectively, in 262 normal birthweight infants at 3, 9, and 18 months of age. Preferential looking provided acuity data at the same ages.

Accommodative fluctuations, lens tension, and ciliary body thickness in children.

Purpose: To investigate the relationship among microfluctuations in accommodation, resting tension on the crystalline lens, ciliary body thickness, and refractive error in children.

Methods: Subjects were 49 children, aged 8 to 15 years. Subjects wore habitual correction over their left eye and an infrared filter over the right eye during accommodative measurements.

Corneal reshaping and myopia progression.

Background/aims: Anecdotal evidence indicates that corneal reshaping contact lenses may slow myopia progression in children. The purpose of this investigation is to determine whether corneal reshaping contact lenses slow eye growth.

Methods: Forty subjects were fitted with corneal reshaping contact lenses.

Purchase of contact lenses and contact-lenses-related symptoms following the Contact Lenses in Pediatrics (CLIP) Study.

Background: The rate and reasons for discontinuation of contact lens wear by young patients are not well known. The Contact Lenses in Pediatrics (CLIP) Study surveyed participants 3 months after the final study visit to determine the percentage of participants who continued to wear contact lenses after study conclusion. The factors associated with continued contact lens wear and differences in behaviors between the children and teens were also determined to provide insights to practitioners who provide refractive correction for patients in those age groups.

Randomized trial of the effect of contact lens wear on self-perception in children.

Purpose: To determine whether contact lens wear affects children's self-perceptions.

Methods: The Adolescent and Child Health Initiative to Encourage Vision Empowerment Study was a randomized, single-masked trial conducted at five clinical centers in the United States. Subjects were 8- to 11-year-old myopic children randomly assigned to wear spectacles (n = 237) or soft contact lenses (n = 247) for 3 years.

Effectiveness of placebo therapy for maintaining masking in a clinical trial of vergence/accommodative therapy.

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of the Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial (CITT) placebo therapy program in maintaining masking of patients randomized to the office-based treatment arms, determine whether demographic variables affect masking, and determine whether perception of assigned treatment group was associated with treatment outcome or adherence to treatment.

Methods: Patients (n = 221, ages, 9-17 years) were randomized to one of four treatment groups, two of which were office-based and masked to treatment (n = 114). The placebo therapy program was designed to appear to be real vergence/accommodative therapy, without stimulating vergence, accommodation, or fine saccades (beyond levels of daily visual activities).

Fluorescein pattern interpretation in keratoconus.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of disease severity on how accurately contact lens fluorescein patterns can be interpreted in keratoconus by clinician assessment.

Methods: Two clinicians evaluated fluorescein patterns on 111 eyes of 60 patients with mild (<45 D, 14 eyes), moderate (45 D to 52 D, 61 eyes,) and severe (>52 D, 36 eyes) keratoconus. The masked clinicians were given six contact lenses in random order, the lens that just cleared the corneal apex (the first definite apical clearance lens), three lenses flatter (in 0.

Lens thickness with age and accommodation by optical coherence tomography.

Purpose: To utilize time-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) to measure changes in the crystalline lens with age and accommodation.

Methods: A cross-sectional study of pre-presbyopic and presbyopic subjects was conducted. Amplitude of accommodation was measured with the push-up test.