Controlling myopia progression in children and adolescents.

Myopia is a common disorder, affecting approximately one-third of the US population and over 90% of the population in some East Asian countries. High amounts of myopia are associated with an increased risk of sight-threatening problems, such as retinal detachment, choroidal degeneration, cataracts, and glaucoma. Slowing the progression of myopia could potentially benefit millions of children in the USA.

Can Binocular Vision Disorders Contribute to Contact Lens Discomfort?

Purpose: To determine the relationship between binocular vision (BV) disorder and dry eye symptoms and the frequency of BV disorders in subjects with contact lens-induced dry eye symptoms.

Methods: Subjects recruited for a larger dry eye study (n = 104) completed the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) to determine if symptoms assessed on these two surveys were related. Also, myopic soft contact lens wearers (n = 29) with self-reported dry eye symptoms were recruited.

Associations with Meibomian Gland Atrophy in Daily Contact Lens Wearers.

Purpose: To determine associations for contact lenses (CLs) and meibomian gland atrophy in a matched-pair study.

Methods: Contact lens wearers (case) and age- and sex-matched non-contact lens (NCL) wearers with no history of CL use (control) were recruited for a multicenter study. All subjects were administered the Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire and a comprehensive battery of clinical tests (e.

Vision, training hours, and road testing results in bioptic drivers.

Purpose: Bioptic telescopic spectacles can be used by people with central visual acuity that does not meet the state standards to obtain an unrestricted driver's license. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among visual and demographic factors, training hours, and the results of road testing for bioptic drivers.

Methods: A retrospective study of patients who received an initial daylight bioptic examination at the Ohio State University and subsequently received a bioptic license was conducted.

Choroidal Thickness and Peripheral Myopic Defocus during Orthokeratology.

Purpose: To investigate whether significant thickening occurs in the human choroid in response to chronic peripheral myopic defocus during overnight orthokeratology.

Methods: Subjects were nine children 11 to 15 years old (mean [±SD] age, 13.61 [±1.

Henle fiber layer phase retardation changes associated with age-related macular degeneration.

Purpose: To quantify and compare phase retardation amplitude and regularity associated with the Henle fiber layer (HFL) between nonexudative AMD patients and age-matched controls using scanning laser polarimetry (SLP) imaging.

Methods: A scanning laser polarimeter was used to collect 15 × 15° macular-centered images in 25 patients with nonexudative AMD and 25 age-matched controls. Raw image data were used to compute macular phase retardation maps associated with the HFL.

Eye examination testability in children with autism and in typical peers.

Purpose: To compare testability of vision and eye tests in an examination protocol of 9- to 17-year-old patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to typically developing (TD) peers.

Methods: In a prospective pilot study, 61 children and adolescents (34 with ASD and 27 who were TD) aged 9 to 17 years completed an eye examination protocol including tests of visual acuity, refraction, convergence (eye teaming), stereoacuity (depth perception), ocular motility, and ocular health. Patients who required new refractive correction were retested after wearing their updated spectacle prescription for 1 month.

The contributions of near work and outdoor activity to the correlation between siblings in the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error (CLEERE) Study.

Purpose: We determined the correlation between sibling refractive errors adjusted for shared and unique environmental factors using data from the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error (CLEERE) Study.

Methods: Refractive error from subjects' last study visits was used to estimate the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between siblings. The correlation models used environmental factors (diopter-hours and outdoor/sports activity) assessed annually from parents by survey to adjust for shared and unique environmental exposures when estimating the heritability of refractive error (2*ICC).

Guinea pig ciliary muscle development.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a method for quantifying guinea pig ciliary muscle volume (CMV) and to determine its relationship to age and ocular biometric measurements.

Methods: Six albino guinea pigs' eyes were collected at each of five ages (n = 30 eyes). Retinoscopy and photography were used to document refractive error, eye size, and eye shape.

Associations between hyperopia and other vision and refractive error characteristics.

Purpose: To investigate the association of hyperopia greater than +3.25 diopters (D) with amblyopia, strabismus, anisometropia, astigmatism, and reduced stereoacuity in preschoolers.

Methods: Three- to five-year-old Head Start preschoolers (N = 4040) underwent vision examination including monocular visual acuity (VA), cover testing, and cycloplegic refraction during the Vision in Preschoolers Study.

Accuracy of noncycloplegic retinoscopy, retinomax autorefractor, and SureSight vision screener for detecting significant refractive errors.

Purpose: To evaluate, by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the ability of noncycloplegic retinoscopy (NCR), Retinomax Autorefractor (Retinomax), and SureSight Vision Screener (SureSight) to detect significant refractive errors (RE) among preschoolers.

Methods: Refraction results of eye care professionals using NCR, Retinomax, and SureSight (n = 2588) and of nurse and lay screeners using Retinomax and SureSight (n = 1452) were compared with masked cycloplegic retinoscopy results. Significant RE was defined as hyperopia greater than +3.

A method to monitor eye and head tracking movements in college baseball players.

Purpose: This study had two purposes. The first was to develop a method to measure horizontal gaze tracking errors (based on synchronized eye and head tracking recordings) as subjects viewed many pitched balls. The second was to assess horizontal eye, head, and gaze tracking strategies of a group of Division 1 college baseball players.

Ciliary muscle thickness in anisometropia.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between ciliary muscle thickness (CMT), refractive error, and axial length both across subjects and between the more and less myopic eyes of adults with anisometropia.

Methods: Both eyes of 29 adult subjects with at least 1.00 D of anisometropia were measured.

Long-term contact lens wear of children and teens.

Objective: To compare current symptoms, compliance, ocular health, and previous adverse events between current successful long-term contact lens wearers fit as children or as teenagers.

Methods: People who had successfully worn soft contact lenses for at least 10 years completed an online survey about demographics, current wearing status, compliance, symptoms, and previous adverse events. A subset reported for a slit-lamp examination, autorefraction, autokeratometry, and specular microscopy.

Microbial keratitis secondary to unintended poor compliance with scleral gas-permeable contact lenses.

Purpose: To report a case of neurotrophic keratitis in which scleral contact lenses improved vision from 20/100 to 20/20, however, due to poor lens care, an incident of microbial keratitis developed.

Methods: A 64-year-old man with an ocular history of neurotrophic keratitis secondary to herpes simplex in each eye was successfully fit with scleral lenses. He subsequently developed microbial keratitis due to a number of risk factors.

Analysis of meibum and tear lipids.

The meibum is a lipid-rich secretion that is the primary component of the external layer of the tear film. The meibomian glands produce the meibum, and meibomian gland dysfunction can lead to degradation of the tear film. Such dysfunction can result in ocular irritation, inflammation, and clinical disease.

Time outdoors, visual activity, and myopia progression in juvenile-onset myopes.

Purpose: To investigate the association between myopia progression and time spent outdoors and in various visual activities.

Methods: Subjects were 835 myopes (both principal meridians -0.75 diopters [D] or more myopia by cycloplegic autorefraction) in the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error (CLEERE) Study with both progression data and at least one measure of activity associated with a progression interval.

A method of imaging lipids on silicone hydrogel contact lenses.

Purpose: To determine whether Nile Red and Oil Red O stains are able to detect tear film lipids deposited on silicone hydrogel contact lenses.

Methods: Eight unworn lotrafilcon A lenses were individually soaked in successively decreasing amounts of cholesterol oleate solution (5.6 to 0.

Corneal and crystalline lens dimensions before and after myopia onset.

Purpose: To describe corneal and crystalline lens dimensions before, during, and after myopia onset compared with age-matched emmetropic values.

Methods: Subjects were 732 children aged 6 to 14 years who became myopic and 596 emmetropic children participating between 1989 and 2007 in the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error Study. Refractive error was measured using cycloplegic autorefraction, corneal power using a hand-held autokeratometer, crystalline lens parameters using video-based phakometry, and vitreous chamber depth (VCD) using A-scan ultrasonography.

Rasch analysis of the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI).

Purpose: The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) is a 12-item scale for the assessment of symptoms related to dry eye disease and their effect on vision. Its reliability and validity have been investigated within the classical test theory framework and, more recently, using Rasch analysis. The purpose of the present analysis was to more completely investigate the functioning of its response category structure, the validity of its three subscales, and the unidimensionality of the latent construct it is intended to assess.

Abandonment of low-vision devices in an outpatient population.

Purpose: To investigate abandonment rate of prescribed low-vision devices for near tasks and factors associated with abandonment in a U.S. outpatient population.

Screening for hyperopia in infants using the PowerRefractor.

Purpose: To determine the proportion of infants in a pediatric medical practice who have high levels of hyperopia in addition to evaluating the ability of the PowerRefractor (PR) [with and without accessory +4.50 diopter (D) spectacles] compared with cycloplegic retinoscopy to detect highly hyperopic refractive errors.

Methods: The cycloplegic refractive error (2 drops tropicamide 1% given 5 min apart) of 200 normal birth weight infants was measured by retinoscopy and the Plusoptix PR.