Test-retest Reliability of the qReading Method in Normally Sighted Young Adults.

Significance: We recently developed a novel Bayesian adaptive method, qReading, to measure reading function. The qReading method has both the efficiency and excellent test-retest reliability in normally sighted young adults to make it an excellent candidate for future studies of its value in diagnosis and longitudinal evaluation of treatment and/or rehabilitation outcomes.

Purpose: A novel Bayesian adaptive method, qReading, was recently developed to measure reading function.

Midday Fogging of Scleral Contact Lenses: Current Perspectives.

Midday fogging is a common problem in scleral lens wear, as particles accumulate in the tear reservoir between the posterior surface of the lens and the front of the ocular surface during wear. As particulate waste collects, symptoms of blurred vision and discomfort arise, typically leading patients to remove their lenses for cleaning, refilling with fresh solution, and reinsertion into the eye. The appearance of the particulate can vary, likely due to different causes for midday fogging.

Driving performance and road sign identification by multifocal contact lens wearers in a driving simulator.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare sign identification distances and driving performance metrics in presbyopic participants while wearing multifocal contact lenses (MFCL) and while wearing progressive addition lens (PAL) spectacles.

Methods: 19 presbyopic participants completed PAL spectacle assessments and contact lens fitting and follow up visits before driving assessments began. These assessments occurred in a simulator equipped with a full-sized sedan on a motion platform and a 260 degree screen.

Opportunities, barriers, and recommendations in down syndrome research.

Background: Recent advances in medical care have increased life expectancy and improved the quality of life for people with Down syndrome (DS). These advances are the result of both pre-clinical and clinical research but much about DS is still poorly understood. In 2020, the NIH announced their plan to update their DS research plan and requested input from the scientific and advocacy community.

Predicting the onset of myopia in children: results from the CLEERE study.

Research often attempts to identify risk factors associated with prevalent disease or that change the probability of developing disease. These factors may also help in predicting which individuals may go on to develop the condition of interest. However, risk factors may not always serve as the best predictive factors and not all predictive factors should be considered as risk factors.

Visual performance with multifocal contact lenses and progressive addition spectacles.

Purpose: As presbyopia occurs, new visual demands create a need for clear vision at multiple distances. Many spectacle wearers adapt into progressive addition lenses (PAL) in order to see clearly at distance, intermediate, and near. A multifocal contact lens provides the ability to see at these same distances without the prismatic effects of a spectacle lens or the peripheral obstruction of a spectacle frame.

Success of Masking 5% Povidone-Iodine Treatment: The Reducing Adenoviral Patient Infected Days Study.

Significance: The effectiveness of masking is rarely evaluated or reported in single- or double-masked clinical trials. Knowledge of treatment assignment by participants and clinicians can bias the assessment of treatment efficacy.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of masking in a double-masked trial of 5% povidone-iodine for the treatment of adenoviral conjunctivitis.

Visual Performance with Spherical and Multifocal Contact Lenses in a Pediatric Population.

Significance: This pilot study compared subjective and objective vision of children wearing single-vision and +2.00, +3.00, and +4.

IMI Impact of Myopia.

The global burden of myopia is growing. Myopia affected nearly 30% of the world population in 2020 and this number is expected to rise to 50% by 2050. This review aims to analyze the impact of myopia on individuals and society; summarizing the evidence for recent research on the prevalence of myopia and high myopia, lifetime pathological manifestations of myopia, direct health expenditure, and indirect costs such as lost productivity and reduced quality of life (QOL).

IMI Prevention of Myopia and Its Progression.

The prevalence of myopia has markedly increased in East and Southeast Asia, and pathologic consequences of myopia, including myopic maculopathy and high myopia-associated optic neuropathy, are now some of the most common causes of irreversible blindness. Hence, strategies are warranted to reduce the prevalence of myopia and the progression to high myopia because this is the main modifiable risk factor for pathologic myopia. On the basis of published population-based and interventional studies, an important strategy to reduce the development of myopia is encouraging schoolchildren to spend more time outdoors.

Associations between visual function and magnitude of refractive error for emmetropic to moderately hyperopic 4- and 5-year-old children in the Vision in Preschoolers - Hyperopia in Preschoolers Study.

Purpose: To evaluate associations between visual function and the level of uncorrected hyperopia in 4- and 5-year-old children without strabismus or amblyopia.

Methods: Children with spherical equivalent (SE) cycloplegic refractive error of -0.75 to +6.

Contact Lens Adaption in Neophytes.

Significance: Clinicians commonly either recommend patients begin contact lens (CL) wear full time or suggest that patients should gradually increase their wear times during the first few days of wear. This study found no differences between these two wear schedules, suggesting that patient preference may be the best schedule.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if there are any clinical differences in neophyte, 2-week, reusable soft CL wearers who were randomized to either a full-time or a gradually increasing wear time schedule.

A Randomized Trial of Objective Spectacle Prescriptions for Adults with Down Syndrome: Baseline Data and Methods.

Significance: It is difficult to determine the most efficacious refractive correction for individuals with Down syndrome using routine clinical techniques. New objective methods that optimize spectacle corrections for this population may reduce limitations on daily living by improving visual quality.

Purpose: This article describes the methods and baseline characteristics of study participants in a National Eye Institute-sponsored clinical trial to evaluate objectively derived spectacle corrections in adults with Down syndrome.

Negative Fusional Vergence Is Abnormal in Children with Symptomatic Convergence Insufficiency.

Significance: Deficits of disparity divergence found with objective eye movement recordings may not be apparent with standard clinical measures of negative fusional vergence (NFV) in children with symptomatic convergence insufficiency.

Purpose: This study aimed to determine whether NFV is normal in untreated children with symptomatic convergence insufficiency and whether NFV improves after vergence/accommodative therapy.

Methods: This secondary analysis of NFV measures before and after office-based vergence/accommodative therapy reports changes in (1) objective eye movement recording responses to 4° disparity divergence step stimuli from 12 children with symptomatic convergence insufficiency compared with 10 children with normal binocular vision (NBV) and (2) clinical NFV measures in 580 children successfully treated in three Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial studies.

Comparisons of proximal vergence measures.

Background: Proximal vergence is defined as a vergence eye movement subtype driven by an "awareness of nearness". The purpose of this experiment was to compare values of proximal vergence calculated with and without measures of accommodation to assess the clinical utility of each measurement method.

Methods: Thirteen participants between the ages of 22 and 37 (mean = 28.

Vertical head and eye movements in baseball batting.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to describe a method utilized to measure vertical head and eye movements and gaze positions of baseball batters and to report the initial findings generated with this method.

Method: Two former collegiate baseball players participated. Subjects batted balls from a pitching machine.

A randomised clinical trial of multifocal contact lenses and contact lens discomfort.

Purpose: To determine how multifocal contact lenses affect contact lens discomfort.

Methods: This randomised, participant-masked, crossover clinical trial fitted 84 uncomfortable soft contact lens wearers (30-40 years old) with single vision and multifocal contact lenses. Contact lens discomfort was assessed using the Contact Lens Dry Eye Questionnaire-8 (CLDEQ-8).

Multicenter review of impression-based scleral devices.

Objective: To describe outcomes using impression based-scleral devices for the management of anterior segment disease.

Methods: Retrospective chart review identified all patients who were fitted with impression-based scleral devices between January 1, 2013 and June 30, 2019 at three specialty contact lens practices. Patient demographic data, indication for device use, visual and physiological outcomes, as well as details of the fitting process and survival of device use were determined.

Effectiveness of vergence/accommodative therapy for accommodative dysfunction in children with convergence insufficiency.

Purpose: To determine the effectiveness of office-based vergence/accommodative therapy for improving accommodative amplitude and accommodative facility in children with symptomatic convergence insufficiency and accommodative dysfunction.

Methods: We report changes in accommodative function following therapy among participants in the Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial - Attention and Reading Trial with decreased accommodative amplitude (115 participants in vergence/accommodative therapy; 65 in placebo therapy) or decreased accommodative facility (71 participants in vergence/accommodative therapy; 37 in placebo therapy) at baseline. The primary analysis compared mean change in amplitude and facility between the vergence/accommodative and placebo therapy groups using analyses of variance models after 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks of treatment.

The Effect of Refractive Error on Melanopsin-Driven Pupillary Responses.

Purpose: Human and animal studies suggest that light-mediated dopamine release may underlie the protective effect of time outdoors on myopia development. Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells may be involved in this process by integrating ambient light exposure and regulating retinal dopamine levels. The study evaluates this potential involvement by examining whether melanopsin-driven pupillary responses are associated with adult refractive error.

Current U.S. based optometric scleral lens curricula and fitting recommendations: SCOPE educators survey.

Objectives: To describe current components of scleral lens curricula at U.S. based optometry colleges and universities.

Changes in Symptoms of Midday Fogging with a Novel Scleral Contact Lens Filling Solution.

Significance: Midday fogging of scleral contact lenses requires frequent lens removal and reapplication for a large portion of lens wearers. Using a lens filling solution that mimics the composition of tears is hypothesized to have an impact on the production of material trapped under a scleral lens.

Purpose: The purposes of this open-label study were to assess the safety of a scleral lens filling solution, which closely approximates the ionic concentration and pH of human tears, and to assess signs and symptoms of midday fogging with this formulation and with subjects' habitual sodium chloride solutions.

Keratoconus Patient Satisfaction and Care Burden with Corneal Gas-permeable and Scleral Lenses.

Significance: Scleral lenses (SLs) are increasingly being considered as the initial correction for patients with keratoconus. In this study, keratoconus patients report higher levels of comfort and visual satisfaction with SL compared with corneal gas-permeable lenses (GPs).

Purpose: This study aimed to compare patient satisfaction and care burden associated with GP and SL for the management of keratoconus.

Understanding the Impact of Individual Perceived Image Quality Features on Visual Performance.

Purpose: This study aimed to quantify the impact of blur, contrast, and ghosting on perceived overall image quality (IQ) as well as resultant predicted visual acuity, utilizing simulated acuity charts from objective refraction among eyes of individuals with Down syndrome (DS).

Methods: Acuity charts were produced, simulating the retinal image when applying 16 different metric-derived sphero-cylindrical refractions for each eye of 30 adult patients with DS. Fourteen dilated adult observers (normal vision) viewed subsets of logMAR acuity charts displayed on an LCD monitor monocularly through a unit magnification 3-mm aperture telescope.

Effect of High Add Power, Medium Add Power, or Single-Vision Contact Lenses on Myopia Progression in Children: The BLINK Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Slowing myopia progression could decrease the risk of sight-threatening complications.

Objective: To determine whether soft multifocal contact lenses slow myopia progression in children, and whether high add power (+2.50 D) slows myopia progression more than medium (+1.